Transient Eastern Mediterranean deep waters in response to the massive dense-water output of the Aegean Sea in the 1990s

We present a detailed account of the changing hydrography and the large-scale circulation of the deep waters of the Eastern Mediterranean (EMed) that resulted from the unique, high-volume influx of dense waters from the Aegean Sea during the 1990s, and of the changes within the Aegean that initiated the event, the so-called ‘Eastern Mediterranean Transient’ (EMT). The analysis uses repeated hydrographic and transient tracer surveys of the EMed in 1987, 1991, 1995, 1999, and 2001/2002, hydrographic time series in the southern Aegean and southern Adriatic Seas, and further scattered data. Aegean outflow averaged nearly 3 × 10⁶ m³ s⁻¹ between mid-1992 and late 1994, and was largest during 1993, when south and west of Crete Aegean-influenced deep waters extended upwards to 400 m depth. EMT-related Aegean outflow prior to 1992, confined to the region around Crete and to 1800 m depth-wise, amounted to about 3% of the total outflow. Outflow after 1994 up to 2001/2002, derived from the increasing inventory of the tracer CFC-12, contributed 20% to the total, of 2.8 × 10¹⁴ m³. Densities in the southern Aegean Sea deep waters rose by 0.2 kg/m³ between 1987 and 1993, and decreased more slowly thereafter. The Aegean waters delivered via the principal exit pathway in Kasos Strait, east of Crete, propagated westward along the Cretan slope, such that in 1995 the highest densities were observed in the Hellenic Trench west of Crete. Aegean-influenced waters also crossed the East Mediterranean Ridge south of Crete and from there expanded eastward into the southeastern Levantine Sea. Transfer into the Ionian mostly followed the Hellenic Trench, largely up to the trench’s northern end at about 37°N. From there the waters spread further west while mixing with the resident waters. Additional transfer occurred through the Herodotus Trough in the south. Levantine waters after 1994 consistently showed temperature–salinity (T–S) inversions in roughly 1000–1700 m depth, with amplitudes decreasing in time. The T–S distributions in the Ionian Sea were more diverse, one cause being added Aegean outflow of relatively lower density through the Antikithira Strait west of Crete. Spreading of the Aegean-influenced waters was quite swift, such that by early 1995 the entire EMed was affected. and strong mixing is indicated by near-linear T–S relationships observed in various places. Referenced to 2000 and 3000 dbar, the highest Aegean-generated densities observed during the event equaled those generated by Adriatic Sea outflow in the northern Ionian Sea prior to the EMT. A precarious balance between the two dense-water source areas is thus indicated. A feedback is proposed which helped triggering the change from a dominating Adriatic source to the Aegean source, but at the same time supported the previous long-year dominance of the Adriatic. The EMed deep waters will remain transient for decades to come.     

海州湾近岸海域水质状况调查与风险评价

随着我国沿海经济的快速发展,人类活动强度不断加剧,对海洋生态系统的干扰和破坏不断加剧。为了解海州湾近岸海域水质状况,本文于2016年4月、9月对海州湾近岸海域表层海水的温度、盐度、pH值、悬浮物(SS)、溶解氧(DO)、化学需氧量(CODMn)、亚硝酸盐(NO2--N)、硝酸盐(NO3--N)、铵氮(NH4+-N)、活性磷酸盐(PO34--P)、铜、铅、锌、镉、石油类等指标进行了两次采样调查,应用分光光度法和ICP-MS等技术分析各指标;应用单因子法、富营养化指数法和有机污染指数法对该海域海水的质量状况进行了评价分析,以期为研究区环境预警、环境管理和保护提供依据。结果表明:研究海域表层海水中CODMn在4月均值为1. 34mg/L,9月为1. 22mg/L;石油类4月均值为0. 031mg/L,9月为0. 034mg/L;活性磷酸盐4月均值为0. 013mg/L,9月为0. 012mg/L;溶解无机氮4月均值为0. 34mg/L,9月为0. 16mg/L; CODMn、石油类、活性磷酸盐、溶解无机氮的质量浓度大致呈现出由西南部向东北部海域降低的趋势,且无机氮总体浓度水平较高,为该海域主要的污染物。根据营养化评价模式和有机污染指数计算结果,本研究认为海州湾近岸海域表层水质总体营养水平较高,处于氮限制的潜在性富营养水平,有机污染程度属于Ⅱ级,水质已受到污染。     

半分析模型在近岸及河口水体透明度反演应用研究

Secchi depth(SD, m) is a direct and intuitive measure of water's transparency, which is also an indicator of water quality. In 2015, a semi-analytical model was developed to derive SD from remote sensing reflectance, thus able to provide maps of water's transparency in satellite images. Here an in-situ dataset(338 stations) is used to evaluate its potential ability to monitor water quality in the coastal and estuarine waters, with measurements covering the Zhujiang(Pearl) River Estuary, the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea where measured SD values span a range of 0.2–21.0 m. As a preliminary validation result, according to the whole dataset, the unbiased percent difference(UPD) between estimated and measured SD is 23.3%(N=338, R~2=0.89), with about 60% of stations in the dataset having relative difference(RD)≤20%, over 80% of stations having RD≤40%. Furthermore, by excluding the field data which with relatively larger uncertainties, the semi-analytical model yielded the UPD of 17.7%(N=132,R~2=0.92) with SD range of 0.2–11.0 m. In addition, the semi-analytical model was applied to Landsat-8 images in the Zhujiang River Estuary, and retrieved high-quality mapping and reliable spatial-temporal patterns of water clarity. Taking into account the uncertainties associated with both field measurements and satellite data processing, and that there were no tuning of the semi-analytical model for these regions, these findings indicate highly robust retrieval of SD from spectral techniques for such turbid coastal and estuarine waters. The results suggest it is now possible to routinely monitor coastal water transparency or visibility at high-spatial resolutions from measurements, like Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 and newly launched Gaofen-5.     

潮汐数据支持的海岸带区域网平差

由于海部遥感影像的特殊性,使得传统摄影测量定位方法无法满足高精度的海岸带地理信息获取。提出利用潮汐数据转换计算的水边线高程数据值支持海岸带区域网平差,可以大幅度提高海岸带高程定位精度,在四角布设平高控制点条件下,可以提高海岸带高程精度74%。实验结果表示该方法可行,并得出一些有益结论。     

The Equation of State for Caspian Sea Waters

The density ρ of Caspian Sea waters was measured as a function of temperature (273.15–343.15) K at conductivity salinities of 7.8 and 11.3 using the Anton-Paar Densitometer. Measurements were also made on one of the samples (S = 11.38) diluted with water as a function of temperature (T = 273.15–338.15 K) and salinity (2.5–11.3). These latter results have been used to develop an equation of state for the Caspian Sea (σ = ±0.007 kg m⁻³)

湛江市白茅海砂质岸线1987—2020年变迁分析

监测海岸线变迁对于保护和开发海岸带具有重要意义。文章以湛江市白茅海砂质海岸为研究对象,以6个年份（1987年、1991年、2000年、2005年、2010年、2020年）的Landsat遥感影像作为数据源,利用改进的归一化水体指数法（MNDWI）、迭代式阈值分割法提取瞬时水边线,之后通过潮汐模型对其进行校正得到平均大潮高潮线,运用数字岸线分析系统（DSAS）的统计模型对6个年份的平均大潮高潮线变迁情况进行定量分析。结果显示,1987—2020年白茅海海岸线以-4.28 m/年的年平均速率向陆侵蚀后退,海岸线变化呈现较为明显的阶段性和区域性,海岸线年平均侵蚀速率较快的时期为1987—1991年和2010—2020年,分别为-18.23 m/年和-7.22 m/年;侵蚀最严重的位置为白茅海旧灯塔附近,部分岸段存在侵蚀和堆积两种现象,整体上白茅海砂质岸线侵蚀等级为极高侵蚀,亟须修复和保护。     

美国东海岸海滩养护工程对中国砂质海滩旅游资源开发与保护的启示

借鉴美国长期以来东部海岸的海滩养护工程投入大量资金物力所取得的显著成效，提出了中国砂质海滩资源开发面临的问题，如海岸侵蚀造成砂质海滩资源丧失、砂质海滩旅游资源面临严重的污染、砂质海滩旅游资源的利用程度差异悬殊、砂质海滩旅游资源的人为破坏严重等，预见到中国实施海滩养护工程将是大势所趋，该工程将会被纳入国家或地方海岸综合规划管理与相关法律中。     

近岸海域水质模型研究现状及展望

为更好地了解和使用近岸海域水质模型,总结和比较了EFDC(environmentalfluiddynamics code)、WASP(waterqualityanalysissimulationprogram)和MIKE三种模型的概念、性能、优势和局限性,介绍了其在近岸海域的应用,强调了选用合适的模型和降低不确定性是减小模拟结果误差的重要保证,对近海水质模型进行了展望。分析表明, WASP和EFDC的扩展性和开发性较强, MIKE的选择性更大;虽然水质模型在近岸海域已有较多应用,但仍有较大的发展空间,可通过模型内部完善、新技术耦合以及应用范围拓宽等途径使近岸海域水质模型得到进一步发展。     

福建沿海山区县地质灾害预防工作模式探讨--以安溪县为例

福建沿海山区县，由于受地形地貌、地质条件、气候条件、高密度人口居住环境等综合因素的影响，发生地质灾害具有点多、面广、规模小、危害性大、突发性强等共同特点，安溪县就是一个典型。安溪县国土资源局，多年来经过实践摸索、探讨研究，在工作中不断总结提高．建立了一套行之有效的“安溪地质灾害预防工作模式”。有效地扭转了原先被动防灾的不利局面．逐步走上主动预防的新路子．最大程度地避免了地质灾害的发生。