青海湖人湖沙质物的计算与水下沙堤的形成

青海湖流域沙漠以环湖分布为特点,又以ENE为集中。这一状态使多方向的风沙流入湖,而实际上入湖沙量是以W、N、E三个方向的流沙为主。根据入湖风沙公式计算,入湖风沙量为887.08×10~4t/a。并推算出河流泥沙入湖为35.77×10~4t/a,空中降尘为30.36×10~4t/a。入湖后的沙质物在湖流、波浪的作用下,由西向东运移,堆积成水下沙堤,逐渐增高加宽露出水面,分隔成子湖。同时在干燥的气候作用下,导致湖面收缩,生态环境恶化。     

山西地区的地壳应力场

根据近20年山西地区的震源机制结果,得出了山西地壳应力场存在着有别于华北应力场的局部小区域应力场,这种小区域应力场在中部断陷盆地都是以北西—北北西向的水平拉张作用为主,而在东、西两侧隆起区则是以水平挤压作用为主的结论.但如果把上述断层面解中的所有P轴、T轴再分别投影到吴尔夫网上,得到是一个一致性很好的断层面解,由此推断山西地区的平均应力场的主要特征与华北应力场的基本特征完全相同,而山西局部小区域应力场的特征随之消失.     

震前大气电场异常的区域性特征

在了近场每次较大地震发生前，均能观测到明显的大气电场负异常信息。在观测不到明显的大气电场负异常时，近场近期一般不会有较大地震发生的基础上，本文对北京及其附近地区为例，利用所观测到的在气电场异常资料及１９８５年后该地区所发生的８次Ｍｌ≥４地震资料，较深入地探讨了震前大气电场异常的空间分布特征，取得了一些规律性的认识：（１）异常多发生在距震中不太范围内，且随着震级的增大异常区的范围也增大。（２）较大地     

Lateral heterogeneities in the upper and mid-mantle conductivity in Argentina

Regional studies of Sq variations measured at five permanent observatories in Argentina were performed to estimate the distribution of the electrical conductivity of the upper and mid-mantle, reaching a depth of approximately 800 km. After separating the total field into its parts of external and internal origin, the in duced field was modeled, applying two-dimensional techniques. Additionally, induction arrows and an equivalent apparent resistivity curve were calculated A north-south heterogeneity was detected, showing an increase of the conductivity of the shallower layers north of the profile, which may be related to the presence of high volcanic activity in the area.Also at CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas).     

Electrostatic Force in Blowing Snow

Separation of electrostatic charge during the transport of particles by wind adds a force to the gravitational and fluid forces that determine trajectories of particles moving by saltation. Evaluating this electrostatic force requires the electric field strength very near the saltation surface, and charge-to-mass ratios for the moving particles. Field mill readings 4 cm above the surface in a moderate blizzard showed electric field strength as high as +30 kV m^-1. Another experiment gave charge-to-mass ratios of individual saltation particles in low-level drifting that ranged between +72 C kg^-1 and -208 C kg^-1. From these measurements, we estimated electrostatic forces as large as the gravitational force on some saltating particles. Including forces of this magnitude in the equations of motion significantly alters predicted saltation trajectories from those for uncharged particles. Predictions appear reasonable that for some saltating particles, the electrostatic force prevents new surface impacts. These results should help improve models of energy transfer in the planetary boundary layer during blizzards and sandstorms.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF MESOSCALE STRUCTURES OF TYPHOON AND OROGRAPHIC EFFECTS USING MM5*

The track,landfall,dynamic and thermodynamic and cloud-rain physical mesoscale structures and their evolution of typhoon HERB 1996 in 36 h from 0000 UTC 31 July to 1200 UTC 1 August 1996 were simulated by using the non-hydrostatic mesoscale model MM5.This period covered the process of typhoon HERB landfall at Taiwan and Fujian Provinces.Results show that the model successfully simulated the landfall process of typhoon HERB,revealed the most important characteristics of the mesoscale dynamic and thermodynamic and cloud-rain physical structure during its landfall.The simulated typhoon track was close to the observation.The center of cyclonic circulation simulated at 0000 UTC on 1 August 1996 (24 h integration) was located in shore near Fuqing,Fujian Province at which the typhoon was reported to landfall two hours later.It shows that strong upward motion formed by low level convergence existed in the eye-wall and subsidence at the eye.The wind field shows clear asymmetrical structure near the typhoon center.The cloud and rainband was screw-typed distributed around typhoon center,and consisted of meso-β scale rain cores.During the period of typhoon HERB staying near and passing over Taiwan,the lower cloud was developed in the eye region so that the previous clear typhoon eye on the satellite pictures became fuzzy.Observation shows that the typhoon center was "warm",but the model simulations with higher space resolution show that in the mid-troposphere the region of eye-wall with stronger upward motion and more cloud-and rain-water was warmer than the eye.During the period of typhoon passing over Taiwan and its following landfall at Fujian,the track of model typhoon deviated about 30 km northward (i.e.,rightward) because of the orographic effects of Taiwan Island,but the strength of the typhoon was not affected remarkably.The amount of rainfall on Taiwan in the 36 h simulations was enhanced more than six times by the orographic lifting of Taiwan Mountain.     

TYPHOON ACTIVITY IN NORTHWEST PACIFIC IN RELATION WITH EL NINO AND LA NINA EVENTS

Statistic and typical-year composition methods are used to study the northwest Pacific typhoon activities in relation with the EI Niño and La Niña events. The result indicates that the typhoon tends to be inactive in the EI Niño years and active in the La Niña years and it is also dependent on the onset and ending time and intensity of the events and areas of genesis of typhoons. With statistic features of the frequency of typhoon activity in the EI Niño and La Niña years and the time-lag correlation between the frequency and sea surface temperature(SST), useful information is provided for the prediction of typhoon occurrence. In addition, the singular values disassemble(SVD)method is applied to study the correlation between the geopotential field and SST field. The result shows that the air-sea coupling in the EI Niño years is unfavorable for the typhoon to develop. Which take place with a smaller number. Opposite situations are found with the La Niña years.     

云南地区地震短临预报实践

１９９７年４－６月云南省地震局对滇西南重点监视区做了短临预报,但这期间未发生所预期的地震。而滇西南地区６级地震的背景和省内的前兆异常变化是明显的。为此,认为前兆异常是区域应力场增强的结果。异常与地震是相互伴生的兄弟关系,不是父子间因果关系,是造成地震虚报的主要原因。     

1989年8月17日耀斑后环系速度场分析

本文给出了１９８９ 年８ 月１７ 日耀斑后环的观测视向速度场,在环内物质在太阳重力、磁场梯度和大气压力梯度联合作用下沿环腿螺旋上升和环内物质密度由环腿向环顶和环足线性递增的假设下,理论上计算了该环系的视向速度场,理论计算和观测结果基本相符,似乎为耀斑物质由色球蒸发作上升运动的观点提供了间接的例证     

东海近海热带气旋及天气数值预报系统

以ＭＭ４模式为框架,研制并建立了东海近海热带气旋及天气数值预报系统,将对热带气旋的预报和一般天气的预报统一在一个模式中,并实现了业务自动化控制,自１９９４年台风季节起投入了业务试验和准业务的运行。结果表明：该系统对东海近海热带气旋路径、风场、降水及江淮梅雨降水具有较好的预报能力