用于地电阻率交流电法观测的低频稳流电源研发

为了解决地电阻率观测中台站受环境干扰而影响观测等问题,我国地震工作者正在研究和尝试基于交流电法的新型地电阻率观测系统,这种新型观测系统主要由低频稳流电源系统和接收系统组成。本文对低频稳流电源系统的关键技术进行了分析,并介绍了电源系统的功率变换电路和逆变输出电路等关键环节设计,最后对研发的具有大功率可变频稳流输出性能的低频电源样机的输出性能进行了测试。测试结果表明,该型电源样机的各项技术指标均达到了设计要求,其输出性能良好。     

Combined effect of rheology and confining boundaries on spreading of gravity currents in porous media

One-dimensional flows of gravity currents within horizontal and inclined porous channels are investigated combining theoretical and experimental analysis to evaluate the joint effects of channel shape and fluid rheology. The parameter $\beta$ governs the shape of the channel cross section, while the fluid rheology is characterised by a power-law model with behaviour index n. Self-similar scalings for current length and height are obtained for horizontal and inclined channels when the current volume increases with time as $t^{\alpha }$.For horizontal channels, the interplay of model parameters $\alpha \text{,}n$, and $\beta$ governs the front speed, height, and aspect ratio of the current (ratio between the average height and the length). The dependency is modulated by two critical values of $\alpha \text{,}{\alpha }_{\beta }=n/(n+1)$ and ${\alpha }_n=(2\beta +1)/\beta$. For all channel shapes, ${\alpha }_{\beta }$ discriminates between currents whose height decreases ($\alpha <{\alpha }_{\beta }$) or increases ($\alpha >{\alpha }_{\beta }$) with time at a particular point. For all power-law fluids, ${\alpha }_n$ discriminates between decelerated currents, with time-decreasing aspect ratio ($\alpha <{\alpha }_n$), and accelerated currents, with time-increasing aspect ratio ($\alpha >{\alpha }_n$). Only currents with time-decreasing height ($\alpha <{\alpha }_{\beta }$) and aspect ratio ($\alpha <{\alpha }_n$) respect model assumptions asymptotically; the former constraint is more restrictive than the latter.For inclined channels, a numerical solution in self-similar form is obtained under the hypothesis that the product of the channel inclination $\theta$ and the slope of the free-surface is much smaller than unity; this produces a negligible error for $\theta >2°$, and is acceptable for $\theta >0.5°$. The action of gravity in inclined channels is modulated by both the behaviour index n and the shape factor $\beta$. For constant flux, the current reaches at long times a steady state condition with a uniform thickness profile. In steep channels and for sufficiently long currents, the free-surface slope becomes entirely negligible with respect to channel inclination, and the constant thickness profile depends only on n.Theoretical results are validated by comparison with experiments (i) in horizontal and inclined channels with triangular or semicircular cross-section, (ii) with different shear-thinning fluids, and (iii) for constant volume and constant flux conditions. The experimental results show good agreement with theoretical predictions in the long-time regime.Our analysis demonstrates that self-similar solutions are able to capture the essential long-term behaviour of gravity currents in porous media, accounting for diverse effects such as non-Newtonian rheology, presence of boundaries, and channel inclination. This provides a relatively simple framework for sensitivity analysis, and a convenient benchmark for numerical studies.     

Surface currents and winds at the Delaware Bay mouth

Knowledge of the circulation of estuaries and adjacent shelf waters has relied on hydrographic measurements, moorings, and local wind observations usually removed from the region of interest. Although these observations are certainly sufficient to identify major characteristics, they lack both spatial resolution and temporal coverage. High-resolution synoptic observations are required to identify important coastal processes at smaller scales. Long observation periods are needed to properly sample low-frequency processes that may also be important. The introduction of high-frequency (HF) radar measurements and regional wind models for coastal studies is changing this situation. Here we analyze synoptic, high-resolution surface winds and currents in the Delaware Bay mouth over an 8-month period (October 2007 through May 2008). The surface currents were measured by two HF radars while the surface winds were extracted from a data-assimilating regional wind model. To illustrate the utility of these monitoring tools we focus on two 45-day periods which previously were shown to present contrasting pictures of the circulation. One, the low-outflow period is from 1 October through 14 November 2007; the other is the high-outflow period from 3 March through 16 April 2008. The large-scale characteristics noted by previous workers are clearly corroborated. Specifically the M2 tide dominates the surface currents, and the Delaware Bay outflow plume is clearly evident in the low frequency currents. Several new aspects of the surface circulation were also identified. These include a map of the spatial variability of the M2 tide (validating an earlier model study), persistent low-frequency cross-mouth flow, and a rapid response of the surface currents to a changing wind field. However, strong wind episodes did not persist long enough to set up a sustained Ekman response.     

复杂岩体水渗流地电场响应试验分析

采用715m埋深的矿井巷道揭露的煤系地层和正断层作为试验对象,由巷道和其侧帮水平钻孔构成相互垂直的二条电法观测线,在断层下盘进行注水,时空域观测二条测线上岩体的地电场响应.试验中动态反演电阻率图像可以跟踪水体渗流运动过程,判定岩体中断层导水性能及其控水作用;自然电位随着岩体内注入水体逼近电极而上升,停止注水而下降,自然电位指示岩体水体渗流的波动规律;激励电流的升降与出水点位置相关,距离出水点越近激励电流上升越明显.试验表明对于受断层控制的深部复杂岩体的水体渗流,可以运用地电场的时空特性进行监测评价.动态地电场监测技术,可用于复杂岩体的导、隔水性能研究.     

由现今小震资料研究琼北地区区域应力场和发震构造

利用2000年以来海南地震台网记录的琼北地区的波形资料,采用双差法对103个地震进行重新定位,采用振幅比方法测定震源机制.在此基础上,反演了琼北地区的区域应力场,由震源位置拟合出两个震源断层面,并且计算在区域应力场作用下的滑动方式.对照历史大震的等震线,WNW走向的震源断层位于极震区中部稍偏东的地方,与等震线长轴方向相同,表明该震源断层是1605年琼山大震的发震构造;高倾角震源断层的北东盘向东南斜下方滑动,对于该盘NNW象限产生强烈拉张,以致出现罕见的陆陷成海现象.另外一条NS向震源断层恰好位于第四系火山岩和第四系盆地交界处,是区域升降运动最为强烈的地方,正断层类型的震源断层东盘下降,与沉积盆地一致.研究表明由现今小震反演的两条震源断层分别与历史大震及构造运动有关,而与浅表断裂并不重合,存在深浅构造不协调的现象.     

Effect of pressure gradients and line-tying on the magnetic stability of coronal loops

Abstract

In this paper we study the stability of an idealised magnetostatic coronal loop, incorporating both the effect of line-tying, due to the dense photosphere, and of pressure gradients. The stability equations may be solved analytically for our particular equilibrium. From the marginally stable case, the critical conditions separating instability from stability are derived. It is found that stretching or twisting a loop eventually makes it kink unstable.     

大地等效电容量及其测量方法

在脉冲供电和正弦交流供电地电阻率观测研究中, 大地容性效应会引起测量误差。 本文按照电子学等效电路的方法提出了大地等效电容量的概念, 研究了大地等效电容量的测量方法, 为合理确定脉冲供电参数和减小交流地电阻率测量误差奠定了基础。     

新疆库鲁克塔格地区早寒武世磷质岩的形成条件

根据地层层序与岩石学特征,对新疆库鲁克塔格地区下寒武统西山布拉克组磷质岩的形成环境,物质来源和形成机理进行了分析。认为本区磷质岩形成于从浪基面附近至氧化界面附近一个较宽泛的环境带中,具有热液和生物两个方面的物质来源。来自火山和生物的含磷物质由上升洋流带至沉积地点经化学沉淀形成磷质岩。而后又经历了水流与波浪的作用,以及重力产生的滑塌事件的改造。西山布拉克组沉积时期经历了三次海平面的升降变化,磷质岩是早期海平面变化的产物。沉积过程发生在高级别的海侵背景之下。     

地震后陇南特大地质灾害成因分析

由于2008年"5.12"特大地震对陇南地质环境和气候环境的影响,2008年和2009年两次特大暴雨引发了滑坡和泥石流特大地质灾害.本文从地质环境变化和引发特大暴雨的高空气流,分析了特大地质灾害的成因,提出了地质灾害的应对策略和措施.