Optimizing Remote Sensing and GIS Tools for Mapping and Managing the Distribution of an Invasive Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) on South Molokai,Hawaii

In 1902, the Florida red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle L., was introduced to the island of Molokai, Hawaii, and has since colonized nearly 25% of the south coast shoreline. By classifying three kinds of remote sensing imagery, we compared abilities to detect invasive mangrove distributions and to discriminate mangroves from surrounding terrestrial vegetation. Using three analytical techniques, we compared mangrove mapping accuracy for various sensor-technique combinations. ANOVA of accuracy assessments demonstrated significant differences among techniques, but no significant differences among the three sensors. We summarize advantages and disadvantages of each sensor and technique for mapping mangrove distributions in tropical coastal environments.     

基于真三轴试验的黄土结构性变化规律研究

基于综合结构势理论,通过自主研发的真三轴仪,研究了原状黄土、重塑黄土和饱和黄土的应力-应变关系和土的结构性变化规律,针对反映黄土变形过程结构性演变的应力比结构性参数,揭示了不同含水率黄土结构性参数与广义剪应变关系随固结压力、应力路径的变化规律,建立了数学描述模型,同时验证了真三轴仪和应力比结构性参数的可靠性。结果表明,土的状态不同,其应力-应变关系存在明显差异。原状土更易呈现应变软化或双曲线特性,而重塑土或饱和土更易呈现双曲线或应变硬化特性。随着剪切变形和含水率的增大,土的结构性均逐渐减小,而固结压力? c和中主应力参数b值也会影响土的结构性变化规律。提出的结构性参数的拟合公式与理论和试验结合吻合较好,可推广工程应用。     

Chemical and spectroscopic characterization of dissolved humic substances in a mangrove-fringed estuary in the eastern coast of Hainan Island, China

Mangrove-derived dissolved organic matter(DOM) has an important effect on estuarine and coastal area on a large scale.In order to improve the understanding of origin,composition,and fate of DOM in mangrove-fringed estuarine and coastal areas,dissolved humic substances(DHS) were isolated from one mangrove pore-water sample and one near-shore seawater sample downstream the mangrove pore-water site in the eastern coast of Hainan Island,South China.Fulvic acids,humic acids and XAD-4 fractions were obtained from the two water samples by using a two-column array of XAD-8 and XAD-4 resins.Chemical and spectroscopic methods were used to analyze the features of these DHS.Compared to the mangrove pore-water DHS,the near-shore seawater DHS were found rich in 13 C with lower C/N ratios and more aliphatic compounds and carbohydrates,but less aromatic structures and carboxyl groups.As for the three fractions of the two DHS,XAD-4 fractions contain more aliphatics,carbohydrates,carboxyl groups,and enrich in 13 C with respect to both fulvic and humic acids.Photo-oxidation transformation and contribution from marine-derived DOM were considered as the main reasons resulted in the difference in compositional features for these DHS in this study.     

雷州半岛红树林边缘效应及其对海岸有机碳库的影响

作为滨海湿地与邻近海区之间物质循环、能量和物种流动及其相互作用的重要界面,红树林的边缘效应对研究海陆生态系统相互作用,滨海湿地生物地貌形成过程以及海岸带有机碳库分布格局等方面的具有重要意义。文章以雷州半岛东岸红树林4种典型地貌分布区为重点,通过调查红树林前缘光滩,林缘及林内植被及土壤理化特征的变化,探讨红树林边缘效应的表现及其对土壤有机碳库的影响。结果表明,不同地貌类型红树林边界区的群落结构及土壤理化因子分布特征有所不同。边界区群落特征表现为林缘的冠层低于林内,叶面积指数低于林内,物种丰富度林内高于林缘(除河口区外),且林缘的植被盖度受风浪影响显著,表现出河口区>内湾区>岛屿区>前沿浪击区。土壤理化性质边缘效应表现为林缘的pH值、粒度低于光滩,氧化还原电位、盐度高于光滩(除内湾区外),而林内的土壤理化性质波动较大,可能受林缘植被演替及地貌双重影响。不同地貌单元红树林边界区的土壤表层有机碳含量,有机碳密度均表现为林内>林缘>光滩。综合影响表层土壤有机碳的主要生物及非生物因子进行主成分分析和相关分析,结果显示土壤表层有机碳密度与环境第一主成分呈显著负相关,即受植被盖度,叶面积指数和土壤pH因子影响密切。红树林土壤有机碳沉积虽然受到不同水文地貌的影响,但总体而言,红树林初级生产输入和土壤酸性环境对红树林林下土壤有机碳库的富存贡献显著。     

真三轴条件下Q2黄土的破坏模式与强度特性研究

基于西安理工大学自主研发的新型真三轴试验仪,对不同含水率Q2黄土在不同b值、不同固结围压条件下进行了真三轴试验研究,分析了真三轴试样破坏方式、中主应力对抗剪强度参数的影响以及π平面上的强度破坏面。结果表明,Q2黄土真三轴试样破坏方式主要有侧胀破坏、锥形破坏、梯形破坏、六边形破坏;不同b值应力路经条件下黏聚力与三轴压缩条件下黏聚力的比值在0.9～1.9之间,内摩擦角比值在0.7～1.5之间。土的结构性和土体破坏方式对π平面上的强度破坏面的形状影响较大,固结围压对π平面上的强度破坏面的大小影响较大;原状Q2黄土在π平面上的强度破坏面形状主要呈现梨形和轴对称六边形;随着结构性由强到弱,π平面上的强度破坏面形状由梨形向轴对称六边形变化。     

基于A-star算法的矿井事故救援研究

针对井下不同形状巷道几何空间特征,确立以空间点、线、面为基本图元,以巷道中心线作为三维模型构建的基础框架,建立巷道三维模型。采用启发式路径搜索A-star算法,实现了应急救援路线智能快速选择。实践证明,该方法对于矿井事故定位和救援具有一定的实用性。     

岩土材料的各向异性强度准则

岩土材料的强度往往表现出很强的各向异性,而已有的各向同性强度准则不能够描述这一特性。提出一个岩土材料的各向异性强度准则。为了描述材料的各向异性,引入了一个由应力张量和组构张量的联合不变量表达的各向异性参数。该参数可以描述加载方向和材料组构方向的夹角。强度准则是基于材料在子午面和偏平面上的破坏特性而建立的,这为描述广义的材料强度各向异性提供了方便。与原各向同性强度准则相比,各向异性强度准则只引入了两个新的模型参数,而且所有的模型参数都可以通过常规的室内试验结果确定。该准则的预测结果与砂土、黏土、天然黏土和岩石的试验结果比较表明,它能够很好地描述岩土材料强度的各向异性     

Dynamics of a fringe mangrove forest detected by Landsat images in the Mekong River Delta,Vietnam

Mangrove forests dominate many tropical coastlines and are one of the most bio‐diverse and productive environments on Earth. However, little is known of the large‐scale dynamics of mangrove canopies and how they colonize intertidal areas. Here we focus on a fringe mangrove forest located in the Mekong River Delta, Vietnam; a fast prograding shoreline where mangroves are encroaching tidal flats. The spatial and temporal evolution of the mangrove canopy is studied using a time series of Landsat images spanning two decades as well as Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) elevation data. Our results show that fast mangrove expansion is followed by an increase in Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in the newly established canopy. We observe three different dynamics of the mangrove fringe: in the southwest part of the fringe, near a deltaic distributary where the fringe boundary is linear, the canopy expands uniformly on the tidal flats with a high colonization rate and high NDVI values. In the northeast part of the fringe, near another distributary, the canopy expands at a much lower rate with low NDVI values. In the fringe center, far from the river mouths, the fringe boundary is highly irregular and mangroves expansion in characterized by sparse vegetated patches displaying low NDVI values. We ascribe these different dynamics to wave action and southwest longshore transport triggered by energetic northeasterly monsoons during winter. We further link the large‐scale dynamics of the fringe to small‐scale physical disturbances (waves, erosion and deposition) that might prevent the establishment of mangrove seedlings. Based on these results, we include mangrove encroachment in an already published conceptual model of progradation of the Mekong River Delta. We conclude that high NDVI values and a constantly linear vegetation–water interface are indicative of stable mangrove canopies undergoing fast expansion, probably triggered by sediment availability at the shore. Our results can be applied more generally to mangrove forests growing in minerogenic and high tidal range environments with high sediment inputs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种修正的Drucker-Prager屈服准则

Drucker-Prager（以下简称D-P）屈服准则因其形式简单、物理意义明确而得到广泛的应用,然而经过多年的应用和研究,其缺点逐渐显现出来,如拉剪区偏大、不具有应力角效应等,针对这些不足,提出了修正的D-P屈服准则。在拉剪区用圆球面和横截面的组合方式代替原来的圆锥面,从而不改变D-P屈服准则压剪区的形式,在考虑岩石实际的拉伸强度的同时,也满足该屈服准则经过单轴抗拉强度点的条件;为考虑岩石在三轴压缩和三轴拉伸状态下不同的强度特性,即应力角效应,引入了一种角隅模型;为保证屈服准则始终通过岩石的单轴抗压强度点,建议了一种材料参数k值的取值方法。为验证屈服准则修正后的适用性和正确性,将修正屈服准则与真三轴试验结果进行了拟合,同时与Mohr-Coulomb（以下简称M-C）准则进行对比,结果表明,修正屈服准则可以很好地描述试验现象,且比M-C准则更接近真实结果。     

真三轴气固耦合煤体渗流试验系统的研制及应用

为了更真实地模拟煤岩在掘进巷道迎头等环境下的应力状态,研究三向应力环境下煤岩的损伤变形及瓦斯渗流情况,自主研发了真三轴气-固耦合煤体渗流试验系统。该装置主要由真三轴压力室、液压伺服系统、气体渗流系统和监测与控制系统组成,采用的试件尺寸为200 mm×100 mm×100 mm,可施加的最大轴压(?1)为70 MPa、最大侧压（?2）为35 MPa、最大侧压（?3）为10 MPa、最大瓦斯压力为6 MPa。该装置具有以下特点：(1) ?1、?2采用刚性压头加载,?3采用柔性加载,三向应力分别独立加载;(2) 设计了刚柔性压头及传压滑杆,使得?1与?2方向压头在同时加载过程中互不干扰;(3) 通过伺服液压系统控制加载功能,使得装置性能稳定,应力与位移加载精确,易于控制;(4) 气体渗流系统采用蜂窝孔对试件进行面通气,确保试件进气端瓦斯压力均匀分布;(5) 采用多种高精度传感器进行监测,实时记录煤体所受应力值、变形量及瓦斯渗流量。用两种不同应力路径下的渗流试验对该系统准确性和可靠性进行了验证,结果表明,该装置性能稳定可靠。该装置可用于揭示煤与瓦斯在三向应力条件下的耦合作用机制,为防治瓦斯灾害及研究瓦斯抽采提供了可靠的试验基础。