Northward Shift in Landfall Locations of Tropical Cyclones over the Western North Pacific during the Last Four Decades

This study analyzes landfall locations of tropical cyclones(TCs)over the western North Pacific during 1979–2018.Results demonstrate that the landfall locations of TCs over this region have shifted northward during the last four decades,primarily due to the shift of landfalling TC tracks,with the decreasing/increasing proportion of westward/northward TC tracks.In particular,the northward shift of the landfalling TCs was not related to their formation locations,which have not markedly changed,whereas"no-landed"TCs have significantly shifted northward.TC movement was significantly and positively correlated to the zonal component of the steering flow,while the correlation between TC movement and the meridional component of the steering flow was relatively unobvious.The westward steering flow in the tropical central Pacific that occurred around the formation and early development of the westward TCs was significantly weakened,which was unfavorable for their westward movement,thereby,causing the higher proportions of northward moving tracks.This weakened westward flow was related to the northward shift of the subtropical high ridge,which was caused by significant weakening of the southern part of the subtropical high.The vertical wind shear,sea surface temperature,and convective available potential energy also showed that the northern region of the western North Pacific became more favorable for TC development,whereas the upper divergence,low-layer relative vorticity,and accumulated water vapor content were not obviously related to the northward shift of TCs.     

Impact of the Western Pacific Tropical Easterly Jet on Tropical Cyclone Genesis Frequency over the Western North Pacific

Although it is well known that the tropical easterly jet(TEJ)has a significant impact on summer weather and climate over India and Africa,whether the TEJ exerts an important impact on tropical cyclone(TC)activity over the western North Pacific(WNP)remains unknown.In this study,we examined the impact of the TEJ on the interannual variability of TC genesis frequency over the WNP in the TC season(June-September)during 1980-2020.The results show a significant positive correlation between TC genesis frequency over the WNP and the jet intensity in the entrance region of the TEJ over the tropical western Pacific(in brief WP_TEJ),with a correlation coefficient as high as 0.66.The intensified WP_TEJ results in strong ageostrophic northerly winds in the entrance region and thus upper-level divergence to the north of the jet axis over the main TC genesis region in the WNP.This would lead to an increase in upward motion in the troposphere with enhanced low-level convergence,which are the most important factors to the increases in low-level vorticity,mid-level humidity and low-level eddy kinetic energy,and the decreases in sea level pressure and vertical wind shear in the region.All these changes are favorable for TC genesis over the WNP and vice versa.Further analyses indicate that the interannual variability of the WP_TEJ intensity is likely to be linked to the local diabatic heating over the Indian Ocean-western Pacific and the central Pacific El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation.     

热带气旋变性过程客观判别方法在“海马”变性过程中的应用

介绍了一种判别热带气旋变性过程的客观方法.此客观方法使用三个判别参数: 对流层低层热力非对称参数B、高低层的热成风、对变性过程进行诊断判别.此方法使用格点的数值预报产品,计算简单、使用方便,便于业务化.同时针对2004年影响我国的0421号热带风暴"海马",使用NCEP再分析资料对其变性过程进行了分析验证,结果表明:此客观方法所定义的三个判别参数B、、在"海马"的变性过程中有很好的指示作用.     

热带气旋路径集合预报方法研究Ⅰ——正压模式结果的初步分析

选择1979～1993年间的热带气旋为试验个例,通过扰动热带气旋初始位置和初始结构,构造集合成员, 用正压原始方程模式,进行路径集合预报试验, 并初步探讨预报成员的集合方法。试验结果表明:热带气旋定位误差影响路径预报,但扰动初始位置的集合平均预报与控制试验的预报水平相接近。扰动热带气旋初始结构的集合预报试验表明,约有60 %～70 %个例的集合路径预报得到改进。此外,试验结果还表明,当环境引导气流较弱时,进行扰动热带气旋初始结构的集合预报,预报结果的改善较明显。     

高密度云导风资料所揭示的发展和不发展热带气旋的对流层上部环流特征

国家卫星气象中心建立了一套云导风计算的算法，自１９９７年以来，国家卫星气象中心使用该算法，利用ＧＭＳ－５卫星的数据计算出西北太平洋上的１．２５经续度网格的卫得云导风。利用这套资料，对西北太平洋带气旋发展的问题进行了研究。通过研究发现，热带气旋通常是由对流层上层的西风急流引发的，那些西风急流可能是由深入到热 的中纬度槽所引起的，在盛夏季节，吹向热带对流层上部槽（ＴＵＴＴ）赤道一侧的西风也有可能引发台     

Impacts of the diurnal cycle of solar radiation on spiral rainbands

Based on idealized numerical simulations, the impacts of the diurnal cycle of solar radiation on the diurnal variation of outer rainbands in a tropical cyclone are examined. It is found that cold pools associated with precipitation-driven downdrafts are essential for the growth and propagation of spiral rainbands. The downdrafts result in surface outflows, which act as a lifting mechanism to trigger the convection cell along the leading edge of the cold pools. The diurnal cycle of solar radiation may modulate the diurnal behavior of the spiral rainbands. In the daytime, shortwave radiation will suppress the outer convection and thus weaken the cold pools. Meanwhile, the limited cold pool activity leads to a strong modification of the moisture field, which in turn inhibits further convection development.     

热带气旋对香港地区臭氧污染影响的初步研究

利用1998—2008年所有西北太平洋海域生成的264个热带气旋资料、香港地区11个环境监测站点的地面臭氧(O3)小时浓度数据，研究热带气旋对香港地区臭氧污染的影响。分析表明当西北太平洋有热带气旋活动时，香港地区地面O3浓度均有不同程度增大，且半数以上造成香港地区O3高污染；热带气旋对香港地区O3污染的影响程度与气旋强度相关，且有显著的季节变化特征。运用SPSS软件进行轨迹聚类分析，将热带气旋分为四种类型，并对香港地区O3污染影响的进一步分析发现，西行或转向登陆型和近大陆转向不登陆型是最易引起香港地区O3高污染的两类热带气旋，二者平均影响程度大体相当；热带气旋中心位于台湾岛东北部洋面及巴士海峡附近时，香港地区O3浓度最易出现极大值。物理量场和对气团后向轨迹的条件概率场分析表明，热带气旋期间偏北到东北气流的水平输送以及下沉气流的局地积聚作用造成香港地区O3地面浓度显著增加。     

大气季节内振荡对热带气旋活动影响的研究进展

近30年来，大气季节内振荡对热带气旋活动影响的研究已逐渐成为人们关注的焦点，并取得了显著的进展。就大气季节内振荡对热带气旋生成、路径及登陆的影响进行概述，并揭示了这种影响的主要机制。同时回顾了与季节内振荡密切相关的季风槽活动对热带气旋的影响。在此基础上简单讨论了该领域中存在的问题及未来研究前景，并提出当前该研究领域中一些亟需研究的科学问题。     

影响福建热带气旋活动特征分析

分析了1960—2005年影响福建热带气旋(简称TC)的活动特征，结果表明：影响TC频数呈减少趋势；7—9月影响频数多，8月为最多；影响频次的空间分布呈东南-西北递减的带状分布；南海是影响TC生成频数最多的集中区域。分析了TC异常活动的环境场，在TC异常偏多年份，低层ITCZ位置偏北，西北太平洋(WNP)生成TC位置也较偏北，同时在中国东南沿海为异常的气旋性距平环流控制，非常有利于TC的生成和发展。对于低压环流影响年份，在WNP区域TC生成频数偏多偏北情况下影响中国东南沿海地区TC较频繁，则影响福建TC数偏多；反之，ITCZ明显偏弱，中国东南沿海为异常的反气旋性距平环流控制时，影响福建TC数偏少。对亚洲地区500 hPa大气环流分析发现，影响福建TC异常偏多(少)年份，副热带高压位置偏北(南)。     

广东省登陆热带气旋活动异常成因分析

利用1970～2001年热带气旋年鉴资料，对32年来西太平洋热带气旋登陆我国的频率、位置、维持、衰减、变性、加强及消亡等进行统计分析，揭示热带气旋登陆活动的一些事实和特征。研究表明：在我国沿海不同地区(不包括岛屿)登陆的热带气旋，其陆上维持时间明显不同，从广西至浙江，维持时间向北增加；热带气旋登陆后的明显衰减主要发生在登陆后12小时内，登陆时越强的热带气旋，衰减得越厉害；热带气旋在我国陆上消失的位置最北是黑龙江、最西可至云南，广西是登陆我国热带气旋消失数最多的地区。