热带大西洋公海金枪鱼延绳钓海龟兼捕的初步研究

根据2007-2010年间2次科学观察员对热带大西洋公海海域(05°37′N～14°59′N,29°00′W～40°54′W)金枪鱼延绳钓渔业的调查,共投钩236次(d),兼捕到棱皮龟和太平洋丽龟2种共23尾,其中死亡8尾,兼捕率为0.03461尾/千钩(0.09746尾/次),上钩后死亡率为34.8%.兼捕海龟的位置范围为06°N～12°N,29°W～38°W.从海龟的钓获部位看,喙部占43.5%;前肢占26.1%;躯干占8.7%;喉部占8.7%;被主绳缠绕占13.0%.此外分析了不同钩深与兼捕海龟数量之间的关系,探讨了影响兼捕率和上钩后死亡率的因素,提出相关保护对策.     

热带气旋卫星遥感客观定位方法研究进展

首次从云系形态识别、风场结构分析、云体温湿反演、时空运动匹配等4个崭新角度梳理归纳了热带气旋卫星遥感客观定位方法研究进展,分别介绍此4类方法的实现原理与过程,比较分析各种方法的优缺点与适用性。总结认为,上述方法虽大多仍处于探索研究阶段,但其优于传统人工目视判读定位法的诸多特点将使之成为发展应用的必然;同时综合比较指出,结合运动特征的混合智能算法将是热带气旋中心定位的未来方向;此外建立集成多种资料和算法的热带气旋综合客观定位系统,也有利于提高热带气旋中心定位的稳健性和准确率。     

进入广西沿海影响区的登陆热带气旋气候特征分析

本文利用40a（1960年～1999年）热带气旋基本资料,分析进入广西沿海影响区的登陆热带气旋的一般气候特征,根据热带气旋的登陆点不同,进一步分析在广西沿海影响区内登陆的热带气旋和登陆后的强度变化、维持时间、消失位置等方面的特点,为做好影响广西沿海的登陆热带气旋的预报和服务提供依据.     

中西太平洋鲣渔场与温盐垂直结构关系的研究

根据我国某公司2009-2011年在中西太平洋海域鲣鱼围网生产数据和CATSAT系统渔场环境数据,采用K-S检验筛选出与渔获关系密切的环境变量,然后采用均值比较确定适宜的渔获环境范围。K-S检验认为,渔获量与0m、20m、30m、50m、75m、125m、150m、200m、250m、300m水温、温跃层深度、200m盐度等环境变量关系密切。选择中心渔场的适合环境因子及其范围为:0m水温29.9～31℃、20m水温30.1～31.4℃、30m水温30.3～31.3℃、50m水温30.1～31.7℃、75m水温29.8～31.7℃、150m水温22.8～27.1℃、200m水温15.3～21.8℃、250m水温12.5～15.4℃、300m水温9.6～11.7℃、温跃层深度71～140m、200盐度34.71～35.40。研究结果不仅可用于改进渔情预报工作,而且可直接用于指导渔业生产实践。     

热带太平洋气候变率的三类模态及与ENSO强度变化的关系

基于Kaplan等重建的1856—2001年全球海表水温距平(SSTA)资料，用小波变换分析了热带太平洋SSTA的气候变率，对热带太平洋SSTA分别进行2—8、8—30和30—100a带通滤波，然后进行EOF分解。结果发现，ENSO模态具有5a左右的年际变化和15a左右的年代际变化2种显著周期，当二者位相相同时，ENSO事件加强，当二者位相相反时，ENSO事件减弱，当年际变化不明显时，显著的年代际变化也可单独导致ENSO事件；热带太平洋SSTA气候态变率以西太平洋暖池和赤道两侧的热带中东太平洋明显海温同号异常为主要特征，具60a左右的周期，其相位变化与气候跃变及El Nifio事件的类型有密切联系；长期增温倾向加大了El Nifio事件的振幅。文章最后指出，ENSO事件强度变化是由年际、年代际和气候态等3类模态变率共同作用的结果，在ENSO预报模式中考虑并引入年代际和气候态变化对ENSO循环的影响，是提高ENSO预测水平的有效途径之一。     

热力和动力环境因子对与台风“海燕”路径相似的两类台风强度的相对贡献

本文分析了热力、动力环境因子对与百年一遇超强台风“海燕”有相似路径的热带气旋的强度的影响。为了定量分析环境因子的相对重要性,将相似路径下的台风分为超强台风和一般台风两类。结果表明,相较于动力因子,热力因子对生成超强台风更为重要。根据BDI(Box Difference Index)指数的排序,选择925 hPa湿静力能MSE(Moist Static Energy)、950 hPa比湿、900 hPa温度作为重要预测因子来判断是否生成超强台风。此外,海洋热容量和台风移动速度在两类台风中有着明显差异,也可以作为辅助预测因子。最后,用WRF模式(Weather Research and Forecasting)设计理想数值试验,揭示环境温度和水汽垂直剖面对台风强度影响的相对重要性。敏感性试验结果表明,环境水汽和温度的相对贡献比约为1∶4,它们的共同作用使得相似路径下的一般台风可以发展成为超强台风。     

Precipitation interception in Australian tropical rainforests: II. Altitudinal gradients of cloud interception,stemflow, throughfall and interception

This article presents a comprehensive study of canopy interception in six rainforests in Australia's Wet Tropics for periods ranging between 2 and 3·5 years. Measurements of rainfall, throughfall, stemflow and cloud interception were made at sites characterized by different forest types, canopy structure, altitude, rainfall and exposure to prevailing winds. Throughfall at these sites ranged between 64 and 83% of total precipitation inputs, while stemflow ranged between 2 and 11%. At sites higher than 1000 m, cloud interception was found to contribute up to 66% of the monthly water input to the forest, more than twice the rainfall at these times. Over the entire study period, cloud interception accounted for between 4 and 30% of total precipitation inputs, and was related more to the exposure of sites to prevailing winds than to altitudinal differences alone. Over the duration of the study period, interception losses ranged between 22 and 29% of total water input (rainfall and cloud interception) at all sites except the highest altitude site on Bellenden Ker, where interception was 6% of total water input. This smaller interception loss was the result of extremely high rainfall, prolonged immersion in cloud and a sparser canopy. On a monthly basis, interception losses from the six sites varied between 10 and 88% of rainfall. All sites had much higher interception losses during the dry season than in the wet season because of the differences in storm size and rainfall intensity. The link between rainfall conditions and interception losses has important implications for how evaporative losses from forests may respond to altered rainfall regimes under climate change and/or large‐scale atmospheric circulation variations such as El Niño. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

海南岛热带作物多目标规划模型

本文从海南热带作物生物特性、现实生产结构和地区气候条件出发、对热作种植业进行了模湖区域性划分；在计算构成各区产量基本参数的基础上，应用多目标规划方法，建立了热作结构优化的近期分区模型；并通过近期基础模型和对未来参数的预测，建立了远期灰色规划模型。结果表明，近期方案可提高收益5．1－55．7％，远期方案可提高54－90％，远近期方案均取得了明显的经济效果。     

Measurements of transpiration in four tropical rainforest types of north Queensland,Australia

Transpiration of four different rainforest types in north Queensland, Australia, was determined using the heat pulse technique for periods ranging between 391 and 657 days. Despite the complexity of the natural rainforest systems being studied, the relationship between sample tree size and daily water use was found to be strong, thus providing a robust means by which to scale transpiration from individual trees to the entire forest stand. Transpiration was shown to be dependent on solar radiation and atmospheric demand for moisture with little evidence of limitation by soil moisture supply. Total stand transpiration was controlled by forest characteristics such as stem density, size distribution and sapwood area. Annual transpiration for each of the four sites ranged between 353 mm for cloud forest and 591 mm for montane rainforest. In comparison with the international literature, transpiration from Australian rainforests is low; the reasons for this could be related to a combination of differences in forest structure, climatic conditions, canopy wetness duration and tree physiology. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The cation and silica chemistry of a Subandean river basin in western Amazonia

We sampled river water at 13 locations in the Pichis basin, a 10 500 km² large rainforest‐covered drainage basin in Peru, to assess the influence of lithological variability and seasonality on water chemistry. The concentrations of major cations and silica show a strong seasonal dependence and a remarkable variability over short distances that is only weakly reduced in the wet season; cation concentrations in streams differ by up to 100% within a few kilometres. The lowest cation concentrations were associated with relatively cation‐depleted upper Tertiary and lower Quaternary formations, whereas relatively cation‐rich lower Tertiary and Jurassic formations left a clear calcium and sodium signal in the respective rivers. Cluster analysis, in conjunction with boxplots, suggests that the sampling locations can be segregated into three groups based on similarities of their geochemical signals. According to the previously defined criteria, one river is classified as a Group 2 river with 200 < TZ+ < 450 µeq/L, whereas all other rivers fall into Group 3 with 450 < TZ+ < 3000 µeq/L (where TZ+ refers to the total cation charge). Based on a comparison with other studies at different sections of the Amazon mainstem, the river chemistry of our study area is relatively enriched in K⁺, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺, and, consequently, has a higher TZ+ value, while being relatively depleted in silica. The influence of lithological variability on water chemistry must be considered in land‐use change studies even at watershed areas of 26–3382 km². Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.