Trophic states and nutrient storage of reservoirs in Chongqing

The trophic states of 35 reservoirs were investigated in the region of Chongqing, Southwest China. The results showed that the concentrations of nutrients and chlorophyll a were high and organic pollution and transparence （SD） were low in the water body. The concentrations of total nitrogen （TN） range from 0.52 mg/L to 5.94 mg/L and those of total phosphorus （TP） range from 0.002 mg/L to 0.598 mg/L. Chemical oxygen demand （COD） ranges from 0.75 mg/L to 9.3 mg/L and SD ranges from 0.48 m to 3.2 m. There was a significant positive correlation between COD and chlorophyll a, but a significant negative correlation between SD and chlorophyll a. In terms of the integrated nutrition state index, the eutrophication states of the reservoirs were assessed. Of the investigated reservoirs, about 22 reached the grade of eutrophication. Only one reservoir was in the state of oligotropher, the rest were in the state of mestropher. Integrated nutrition state indices range from 25.4 to 74.5. The storage capacity of nutrients in the reservoirs was calculated. The stored TN, TP and COD were about 4731, 206 and 10259 t, respectively. The main pollution sources are industrial and domestic wastes. With the development of aquaculture, the contamination level increases gradually.     

东北大西洋海洋捕捞渔获物营养级变化研究

东北大西洋是重要的海洋捕捞海域,该海域渔业栖息环境易受北极气候变化的影响。为此,本文基于1950-2012年东北大西洋FAO的渔获统计数据,对已开发的293种渔获物平均营养级(mTL)、营养级平衡指标(FIB)和渔获营养级分类(TrC)进行时间序列的统计,为进一步研究该海域渔业资源受北极气候变化的影响提供基础。研究认为,平均营养级(mTL)从1950年(mTL=3.71)下降至2012年(mTL=3.57),每年下降约0.02TL(r=-0.614;P<0.01),而近8年来营养级平衡指数持续下降。同时,研究表明,东北大西洋渔获物平均营养级和气候变化(海表温上升、北大西洋涛动和海冰缩减等)息息相关,其中渔获量出现高产值均在海表温异常年份:1956年、1976年和1997年。本文分析了东北大西洋渔获物营养级变动情况,为研究东北大西洋渔获组成变化与气候变化的关系提供研究基础,也为渔业资源的可持续开发提供了理论依据。     

High trophic level and low diversity: Would Madeira benefit from fishing down?

This study offers a brief overview of the historical development of fisheries in Madeira since 1938. Changes in food web structure in the waters around Madeira archipelago were evaluated using the mean trophic level of landings (TL_m) coupled with the Fishing-in-Balance (FiB) index for the period 1979–2014. These indices were also calculated for the taxonomically aggregated data since 1938 in order to provide a rough assessment of the trophic changes and fisheries expansion in the region. The trophic level of landings has been increasing since 1938, but increased more steeply in the transition from the 1980s to the 1990s, remaining relatively stable at a high level since then. Likewise, the FiB index also increased steeply during the same time period, indicating an expansion of the fishery. Due to its oceanic and oligotrophic environment, fisheries in Madeira have become increasingly dependent on a very small number of high trophic level, migratory species, a situation which is ecologically unsustainable. A more balanced exploitation pattern, focused on a better utilization of locally available small pelagic fish, would increase sustainability of fisheries in the region, but is at present conditioned by economic constraints.     

Reed litter Si content affects microbial community structure and the lipid composition of an invertebrate shredder during aquatic decomposition

The decomposition of plant litter is an important mechanism in regard to energy and nutrient dynamics of ecosystems. Silicon concentration of plant tissue can affect these processes by changing litter quality, i.e. nutrient stoichiometry and cellulose and phenols content. To determine which group of microbial decomposers benefits from high Si content in plants and how this impacts on animal decomposers, a batch experiment was conducted with reed leaf litter (Phragmites australis) differing in Si content in the presence/absence of invertebrate shredders (Gammarus pulex). Lipid concentration of G. pulex, in reed litter and fine particulate matter (FPOM) were examined. High Si concentration in reed resulted in a decline of gram positive bacteria in the heterotrophic biofilm and of gram negative bacteria in FPOM. The lipid composition in the next trophic level, the decomposer G. pulex, changed too, indicating a diet shift in favor of bacteria and algae with increasing litter Si concentration. Thus, basal decomposers were affected by the Si availability in plant resources, and these effects likely persist along the food chain, as FPOM is a dominant food supply for other groups, e.g. collectors. This impact of Si content on plant substrate quality for decomposer food webs may have global relevance, due to related modifications in carbon and nutrient cycling during litter decomposition.     

稳定碳、氮同位素在河流系统研究中的应用

对天然存在的稳定碳、氮同位素在河流系统中的有机物质(POM和DOM)来源、转换和运移规律及其与沿岸生态系统的关系、河口区不同来源颗粒有机质的混合过程、河流系统中富营养化的污染来源和土壤中的微生物过程、系统中的营养行为和食物来源途径以及河流有机物质在陆架上的分配、积累和运移规律的应用研究作了较为系统的论述。     

A one-dimensional turbulence model; Enstrophy cascades and small-scale intermittency in decaying turbulence

Abstract

Severe unidirectional Fourier truncation of the equations for 2-D incompressible flow leads to a system of three coupled PDEs in one space dimension with the same quadratic invariants as the original set (i.e. energy and enstrophy). Numerically generated equilibria for inviscid, truncated versions of the reduced system are well approximated by Kraichnan's energy-enstrophy equipartition spectra. Viscous calculations for decaying turbulence at moderate resolution (1024 degrees of freedom) also appear to be consistent with a direct, k ^?3, enstrophy cascading inertial range when the dissipation is small. Dissipation range intermittency in the form of spatially intermittent enstrophy dissipation with occasional strong bursts producing linear phase locking is also observed. In contrast to full 2-D simulations, no tendency towards the emergence of isolated, coherent vorticity structures is observed. The model consequently mimics some, but not all, of the properties of the full 2-D set.     

The Trophic Contributions of Rotifers in Tidal Freshwater and Estuarine Habitats

Distribution patterns and trophic contributions of rotifers from freshwater through polyhaline estuarine waters were examined in the southern Chesapeake Bay and its major tributaries for a two-year period. Trichocerca marina and Synchaeta spp. were the major taxa in abundance, followed by Polyarthra vulgaris, Keratella cochlearis and Brachionus spp. There was a significant negative correlation between salinity and rotifer density, biomass, and number of species. Rotifers were a component of the microzooplankton biomass during specific periods and at particular sites, dominating summer assemblages in tidal freshwater and river–estuary transition sites, plus the winter communities in estuarine waters. This observation indicates that rotifers may play an important trophic role by seasonally replacing metazoan nauplii as a biomass source in both tidal freshwater and estuarine ecosystems. The annual contribution of rotifers to the total microzooplankton biomass exclusive of heterotrophic dinoflagellates was brief but intensive, achieving over 50% of annual biomass during a 2–3 month period. Despite the small annual mean contribution of rotifers to the total microzooplankton biomass, rotifers may have a limited, but significant impact on the trophic dynamics of the zooplankton community in Chesapeake Bay and its major tidal tributaries.     

应用稳定碳氮同位素分析法研究广东流沙湾海域白腹小沙丁鱼的营养级

对2008年5—11月采集的广东流沙湾海域白腹小沙丁鱼（Sardinellaclupeoides）进行稳定碳、氮同位素比值的测定,分析比较了5个不同体长组的差异,并以此为基础推算其营养级．结果表明,流沙湾白腹小沙丁鱼的δ^13C值变化范围为一17．61％。一15．99％。,平均值为一16．59‰,与浮游动物的δ^13C均值（一17．27％0）较为相近．其6”N值变化范围为12．73％。～15．26％0,平均值为14．03％0,比浮游动物的6”N均值（10．56％0）高出3．47％0．5个体长组的8¨c、8”N平均值没有随着体长的增大而增大．由δ15N值推算出广东流沙湾海域白腹小沙丁鱼的营养级范围为2．24～3．25,平均值为2．76,符合其主要摄食浮游动物的食性．     

An analysis of the trophic network of a macrotidal estuary: the Seine Estuary (Eastern Channel, Normandy, France)

A steady state, mass balance, trophic network has been constructed to illustrate the flow of energy in the Seine Estuary by using Network Analysis and Ecopath methods. This ecosystem shows 15 compartments from primary producers to the top consumers (fish and birds). This study has been compared with other ecosystems of comparable nature located in North America (Narragansett, Chesapeake, Delaware Bays), Europe (Ems Estuary, Dublin Bay and Bay of Somme), and South Africa (Swartkops Estuary) in which analysis of trophic network has been applied with similar methods.The Seine Estuary shows values of some global parameters and indices either close to large North American bays and a South African estuary characterised by the complexity of their trophic network, or values near European bays and estuaries, or else remain typical of the Seine estuary. All of this reflects specific functioning of the Seine Estuary which can be explained by the analysis of the dominant food web. In the upstream sector an important pelagic food web was found correlated with highest primary production, especially planktonic, which is rapidly consumed by an abundant zooplankton and suprabenthos (Mysidacae and Decapoda Crustacea). This reveals the dominant consumer role of this sector. The external fluvial inputs (277.80 gC m⁻² y⁻¹) are transferred to the downstream sector which produces the major export (548.43 gC m⁻² y⁻¹), in parallel with the low consumption and efficiency of dominant benthos component from its bentho-pelagic food web. This reflects the dominant exporter role of this sector.In the Seine Estuary low values of detritivory index D/H (2.52), recycling index FCI (16.1%) and connectance (0.24) were found associated with high values of P/B ratio (38.2%), sum of exports (548.43 gC m⁻² y⁻¹) and the great difference between ratio of ascendency to capacity development A/C and internal ratio A_i/C_i. This shows the lack of a dominant resource as in Delaware Bay, that the state of development is different from a mature ecosystem, and the dependance on external connections similar to the Bay of Somme, another ecosystem of Eastern Channel, France.