煤体中直立裂隙的多波地震响应及预测

裂隙探测是煤层气勘探开发与煤矿安全生产的重要研究内容。规则发育的直立裂隙在理论上可等效为具有水平对称轴的横向各向同性（HTI）介质,本文通过正演记录研究了HTI介质的多波地震响应,分析了裂隙发育方位对横波偏振特性的影响规律,在此基础上分析了利用横波记录的方位角道集获取地下裂隙参数的可行性与基本原理,为便于工业应用,文中研究了一种基于两个水平分量叠加剖面的角度扫描法求取地下目标煤层的裂隙发育方位。实际资料处理证明了该方法的准确性与可靠性。     

On the strength of transversely isotropic rocks

Accurate prediction of strength in rocks with distinct bedding planes requires knowledge of the bedding plane orientation relative to the load direction. Thermal softening adds complexity to the problem since it is known to have significant influence on the strength and strain localization properties of rocks. In this paper, we use a recently proposed thermoplastic constitutive model appropriate for rocks exhibiting transverse isotropy in both the elastic and plastic responses to predict their strength and strain localization properties. Recognizing that laboratory‐derived strengths can be influenced by material and geometric inhomogeneities of the rock samples, we consider both stress‐point and boundary‐value problem simulations of rock strength behavior. Both plane strain and 3D loading conditions are considered. Results of the simulations of the strength of a natural Tournemire shale and a synthetic transversely isotropic rock suggest that the mechanical model can reproduce the general U‐shaped variation of rock strength with bedding plane orientation quite well. We show that this variation could depend on many factors, including the stress loading condition (plane strain versus 3D), degree of anisotropy, temperature, shear‐induced dilation versus shear‐induced compaction, specimen imperfections, and boundary restraints.     

The Reissner–Sagoci problem for a transversely isotropic half‐space

A transversely isotropic linear elastic half‐space, z?0, with the isotropy axis parallel to the z‐axis is considered. The purpose of the paper is to determine displacements and stresses fields in the interior of the half‐space when a rigid circular disk of radius a completely bonded to the surface of the half‐space is rotated through a constant angle θ₀. The region of the surface lying out with the circle r?a, is free from stresses. This problem is a type of Reissner–Sagoci mixed boundary value problems. Using cylindrical co‐ordinate system and applying Hankel integral transform in the radial direction, the problem may be changed to a system of dual integral equations. The solution of the dual integral equations is obtained by an approach analogous to Sneddon's (J. Appl. Phys. 1947; 18 :130–132), so that the circumferential displacement and stress fields inside the medium are obtained analytically. The same problem has already been approached by Hanson and Puja (J. Appl. Mech. 1997; 64 :692–694) by the use of integrating the point force potential functions. It is analytically proved that the present solution, although of a quite different form, is equivalent to that given by Hanson and Puja. To illustrate the solution, a few plots are provided. The displacements and the stresses in a soil deposit due to a rotationally symmetric force or boundary displacement may be obtained using the results of this paper. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

弹性矩形板下横观各向同性多层地基分析

利用弹性矩形板与多层地基表面的竖向位移协调条件与光滑接触条件,由横观各向同性多层地基应力与位移非耦合的传递矩阵解,推导出弹性矩形板下竖向应力和位移的解析解。在此基础上,编制了相应的程序,并进行了数值计算。计算结果表明：矩形板刚度对板底竖向位移及板中心下的竖向应力有着较为显著的影响;板底竖向位移及板中心下的竖向应力随着板刚度的增加而减小,相同荷载作用下横观各向同性地基与均匀各向同性地基模型的计算结果差异较大,实际工程中很有必要采用更符合土体性质的横观各向同性地基模型     

TTI介质的交错网格伪P波正演方法

研究了三维弱各向异性近似下,利用伪P波(伪纵波)模拟弹性波场P分量在倾斜对称轴的横向各向同性(TTI)介质中的传播过程,并对比了分别基于弹性Hooke定律、弹性波投影和运动学色散方程所建立的三种二阶差分伪P波方程的正演特点.目前这些伪P波方程数值计算主要采用规则网格差分,但是规则网格在TTI模拟中有低效率、低精度以及不稳定的缺点.为了提高计算的精度,本文构建出相应方程的交错网格有限差分格式.通过对比伪P波方程在三维TTI介质中不同的数值模拟的表达形式,本文认为基于色散方程所建立的伪P波方程在模拟弹性波中P波传播的过程中具有最小的噪声.本文分析不同的各向同性对称轴空间角度的频散特征,并引入适当的横波速度维持计算的稳定.二维模型算例表明,本文提出的交错网格正演算法可以得到稳定光滑的伪P波正演波场.使用本文交错网格算法对二维BP TTI模型的逆时偏移也具有较稳定的偏移结果.     

Displacement ring load Green's functions for saturated porous transversely isotropic tri‐material full‐space

Based on the Biot's poroelastic theory and using scalar potential functions both the ring load and point load displacement Green's functions for a transversely isotropic saturated porous full‐space composed of an upper half‐space, a finite thickness middle layer and a lower half‐space is analytically presented for the first time. It is assumed that each region consists of a different transversely isotropic material. The equations of poroelastodymanics in terms of the solid displacements and the pore fluid pressure are uncoupled with the help of two scalar potential functions, so that the governing equations for the potential functions are either a second order wave equation or a repeated wave‐heat transfer equation of sixth order. With the aid of Fourier expansion with respect to circumferential direction and Hankel integral transforms with respect to the radial direction in cylindrical coordinate system, the response is determined in the form of line integrals in the real space, followed by theorem of inverse Hankel integral transforms. The solutions degenerate to a single phase elastic material, and the results are compared with previous studies, where an excellent agreement may be observed with the results provided in the literature. Some examples of displacement Green's functions are finally given to illustrate the solution. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

二维横各向同性弹性随机介质中的波场特征

本文通过交错网格有限差分正演．模拟了平面地震波在二维横各向同性弹性随机介质模型中的传播及其自激自收时间记录．为研究横各向同性弹性随机介质模型中的波场特征,我们在五个不同的时间区段上,分别计算剖面的三个统计特征(横向中心频率、纵向中心频率、波场能量相对值)．这样,对应每一个横各向同性弹性随机介质模型．均可计算得到15个不同的波场特征量．我们通过在二维横各向同性弹性随机介质中的正演模拟．研究当自相关长度以及介质的各向异性系数变化时,对应的上述波场特征量的变化特点．证实了在随机介质模型中．各向异性系数的变化会引起波场记录上的某些统计特征的变化,归纳得出了若干结论．     

横观各向同性岩体中马蹄形隧洞的位移反分析方法

将各向异性岩体中任意形状隧洞的位移解析解与智能算法--差分进化法（DE）结合,研究横观各向同性岩体中在各向异性面上开挖马蹄形隧洞的位移反分析问题,获得关于参数灵敏度、参数可惟一辨识性和测线布置方案的有关结论。计算发现,通过DE算法可获得很高精度的参数辨识结果;参数的可惟一辨识性不仅与灵敏度有关,还与具体的参数组合形式有关,在给定竖向地应力和各向同性面角度的情况下最多可以高精度惟一辨识5个参数;当待辨识参数的个数大于等于4时会产生不可完全高精度惟一辨识的参数组合,当待辨识参数的个数小于等于3时,任意的参数组合形式均可以被高精度惟一辨识。     

横向预应力混凝土梁的抗剪性能试验研究

通过4根加配横向预应力筋的钢筋混凝土梁和1根普通钢筋混凝土梁的对比试验,初步考察了横向预应力筋对提高钢筋混凝土梁抗剪性能的良好效果。研究结果表明:(1)加配横向预应力筋并施加适当预应力之后,钢筋混凝土梁的抗剪承载力提高70%以上,即使在不施加预应力的情况下,梁的抗剪承载力也约有40%的增长;(2)在横向预应力筋的总截面面积一定的情况下,采用直径较小的横向预应力筋和较小的间距,更有助于改善钢筋混凝土梁的破坏形态。     

Forced vertical and horizontal movements of a rectangular rigid foundation on a transversely isotropic half‐space

An analytical investigation of a half‐space containing transversely isotropic material under forced vertical and horizontal displacements applied on a rectangular rigid foundation is presented in this paper. With the goal of a rigorous solution to the shape‐ and rigidity‐ induced singular mixed boundary value problem, the formulation employs scalar potential representation, the Fourier expansion and the Hankel integral transforms method to obtain the surface arbitrary point‐load solution in cylindrical coordinate system. The obtained Green's functions are rewritten in rectangular coordinate system, allowing the response of the half‐space because of an arbitrary distributed load on a rectangular surface area be given in terms of a double integral. The numerical evaluations of stresses are done with the use of an element, which is singular at the edge and the corner of the rectangle. Upon the imposition of the rigidity displacement boundary condition for a rigid foundation and the use of a set of two‐dimensional adaptive‐gradient elements, which can capture the singular behavior in the contact stress effectively, a set of new numerical results are presented to illustrate the effect of transverse isotropy on the foundation response. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.