可达性研究动态及测算模型修订

可达性在地理、交通、经济、规划等学科领域的应用日益广泛,但其概念和测算方法仍在不断的探讨之中。通过考察可达性的概念及其有关的研究动态,将可达性定义为空间网络中其他节点的某种流量借助某种交通方式抵达目标节点的难易程度。对5种主要的可达性模型进行比较,将交通站点通勤频次引入基于加权最短旅行时间的可达性模型,提出一个修订的可达性测算模型。运用全国168个地级及以上城市2011年的数据,对未修订和修订的可达性模型的测算结果进行分析对比,修订的可达性模型更能真实地反映可达性信息。     

西北地区大气水汽含量时空分布及其输送研究

利用ECMWF和NCEP/NCAR 1979-2016年逐月再分析资料,分析了我国西北地区大气水汽含量的时空分布及其输送特征。结果表明：（1）西北地区水汽含量在20世纪80年代中期至90年代末呈增多趋势,从90年代开始至21世纪初呈减少趋势。就季节而言,西北地区夏季水汽含量最多,占年平均水汽含量的46.6%。（2）西北地区水汽分布与降水分布具有一致性,水汽含量主要集中在西北地区东部及其西部的天山山脉、塔里木盆地东部一带,达12～30 mm,中部水汽含量较少,不足10 mm,水汽含量的空间分布呈现出“两边高中间低”的分布形式。（3）西北地区水汽输送以西风和季风两大环流系统为主,纬向西风水汽输送可达100～500 kg·m^-1·s^-1,在全年水汽输送中占主要地位,夏季从印度洋来的强度可达100～200 kg·m^-1·s^-1的西南季风水汽输送对西北地区东部影响较显著。（4）西北地区水汽源主要位于新疆天山山脉、青海中东部、甘肃河西走廊中西段、宁夏和陕西北部等地区,而水汽汇则位于甘肃南部、陕西南部一带。     

Development history and accessibility evolution of land transportation network in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region over the past century

From the development of modern transportation to the current era of high-speed transportation networks, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region has always played a national leading role in land transportation development of China. In order to explore the long-term evolutionary characteristics of land transportation in the BTH region, this paper utilized a temporal scale of 100 years to systematically interpret the development process of the land transportation network. Taking 13 cities within the BTH region as research anchor cities, we took into account “leaping” mode of transportation in order to investigate the evolution of accessibility. Our research shows the following results: (1) The land transportation network in the BTH region has undergone five stages of development: the initial period of modernization (1881–1937); the period of stagnation of transportation development (1937–1949); the network expansion period (1949–1980); the period of trunk construction (1980–1995), and the period of high-speed transportation network development (1995–present). The network structure centered around Beijing has existed from the outset of modern transportation development. (2) The accessibility spatial pattern of land transportation in BTH region has evolved from expansion along traffic corridors to the formation of concentric circles. The stratified circular structure of transportation in anchor cities has gradually developed into a contiguous development pattern. (3) There are clear hierarchical differences in the transportation structures of anchor cities. Beijing has always been at the top of this hierarchy, while the hierarchical position of Zhangjiakou has fallen noticeably since 1949. The Beijing-Tianjin region was the first region to form a short-duration transportation circle structure, while the transportation advantages of the central part of Hebei Province, which is located in the center of the BTH transportation region, have yet to be realized.     

Trends In U.S. Hazardous Materials Transportation Spills

This paper examines historical and spatial trends in hazardous materials transportation spills from 1971 to 1991. While the number of spills Inc.reased steadily during the 1970s, peaking in 1978–1979, there has been a decline in frequency sInc.e then largely due to modifications in reporting. Monetary damages have the opposite temporal pattern, with major Inc.reases recorded from 1982 onward. Death and injury statistics are more variable. Spatially, accidents are more prevalent in the Rust Belt extending from the Northeast corridor westward to the Great Lakes states, as well as in the Southeast. The greatest potential risk to the public is found in smaller, more densely populated industrial states such as New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland. The spatial distribution, however, has not changed. Potential risk sources (e.g., chemical industry, number of hazardous waste facilities, number of railroad miles) are the best predictors of hazmat Inc.ident frequency. Mitigation efforts (statewide regulatory and/or management policies) also help explain the variability in hazmat Inc.idents.     

Spatial Scale and Population Assignment Choices in Environmental Justice Analyses 1

Abstract

Environmental justice laws protect certain populations against discriminatory actions that may result from a myriad of enterprises, including transportation activities. Previous environmental equity studies examining the effects of transportation-engendered externalities have been criticized on several points, including (1) that the choice of a reference population for comparison to the criterion variable may influence the outcome of research results and (2) that the selection and use of inappropriate methodologies intended to identify and characterize populations may foreordain research outcomes. This article examines the potentially confounding effects of selected spatial scale and population assignment strategies as applied to a study of excessive noise levels at a large Midwestern airport, finding that reported outcomes can vary significantly as a function of methodological choices.     

The Evolution and Research Trends of Port Geography

Despite the long existence of port geography research, there has been no systematic investigation on its evolution and research trends. Hence, through investigating 155 port geography articles featured in geography journals between 1956 and 2011, this article studied the evolution and research trends of port geography. The article argues that port geography had gradually evolved from a secondary and encyclopedic subdiscipline within transport and human geographies to a primary and specialized one. Such a trend had blurred its “geographicalness,” however, with port geography moving toward the more applied and interdisciplinary transportation. The article also indicates that further research would be required to understand the communication between port geography and other disciplines, as well as philosophical and epistemological issues.     

高空急流对一次强沙尘暴过程沙尘传输的影响

使用GRAPES_SDM沙尘暴数值模式,对2011年4月28-30日中国北方强沙尘暴天气进行分析,讨论高空急流在此次过程中对沙尘传输的影响,得出以下结论:（1）GRAPES_SDM沙尘暴模式较好地模拟了此次沙尘暴过程的范围和强沙尘暴中心,整体模拟效果较好;（2）沙尘天气发生时间及移动路径与200 hPa高空急流的加强、移动发展有很好的对应关系;（3）高空强纬向风速的加强能够促使中低层形成垂直环流圈,其下沉支流使高空动量有效下传到近地面,进而在地面形成大风及扬沙和沙尘暴天气,强沙尘暴中心位于此垂直环流圈的下沉支;（4）等熵位涡与高空急流及地面沙尘浓度分布演变有很好的对应关系,等熵位涡位于高空急流北侧,地面沙尘浓度中心位于高空急流出口区、等熵位涡中心西南侧、等值线密集带;高层高值位涡区向下延伸的路径与高空急流北侧纬向风速等值线密集带有非常好的对应关系。本文还通过对高空急流轴线动力、热力结构垂直剖面的分析,探讨了高空急流对大范围沙尘天气影响的可能机制。     

基于城市交通网络的广州“1小时交通圈”划分

“1 h交通圈”的确定对区域经济发展、城市远景规划,甚至居民的生产生活都有着重要影响。然而现有研究几乎都采用欧几里得距离（直线距离）方法定性地、粗略地表示“1 h交通圈”。为弥补这些不足,文章以广州为例,根据城市道路交通网络来划分广州“1 h交通圈”,定量并精确地分析该交通圈。结果表明：1）广州“1 h交通圏”覆盖了珠三角的9个主要城市,其中佛山受益最大;2）广州“1 h交通圈”的主要贡献对象是城际轨道交通和高速公路网;3）由于城市道路并非直线,广州“1 h交通圈”的范围集中在主城区的120 km缓冲区范围内;4）因为广州周边的交通网络发达,其“1 h交通圈”没有显现出很多的岛状区域。此外,广州“1 h交通圈”也对经济发展、政府服务、城市生活和基础设施建设有重要影响。     

Formation and evolution of sand deserts in Xinjiang,Northwest China：Ⅰ. Provenances of desert sands

Sandy desert landscape is a geological product of arid climate and abundant sand materials supply in natural conditions, therefore the formation of sandy desert is an ideal studying object for understanding the interaction between various stratigraphic/epigenetic spheres of the earth system. However, until now, the knowledge about the provenance and formation of these deserts in Xinjiang, Central Asia is diverse and inconsistent, a systematic review is necessary. Ancient aeolian sand sediments in the internal areas of these deserts and their twin dust deposits in the Cenozoic strata surrounding the Xinjiang deserts are direct and indirect clues reflecting the provenance of sand materials and the formation and evolution of deserts. Based on the geochemical, mineralogical and isotopic evidences of desert sands and relevant deposits in the peripheral regions, this paper reviews the research progress on the development of the sandy deserts in Xinjiang, Northwest China. Many proofs proposed that desert sands in Xinjiang were mainly sourced from the ancient pluvial, alluvial and fluvial sediments and were eventually achieved because of the local sand supply. It pointed out that the settings of tectonic structure in Xinjiang had made sediments both in the Tarim Basin and the Junggar Basin being influenced greatly by regional hydrological system and aeolian processes originated from the planetary wind system of westerly, the East Asian winter monsoon and the topographical mountain-valley winds. However, the directions of transportation paths are different between the hydrological dynamics and the aeolian dynamics, which are decided by the slantwise structures of the basins tectonics and the regional atmospheric circulation routes, respectively, and have determined anisotropies of the transport pathway of these sediments delivered by different agents. This results in a geological cycle of detrital sediment transportation in the two large basins and thus largely increases the degree of sediment mixing, alternation and recycle between younger and older sediment sources, as well as the complexity and diversity of sand provenances.     

江西省空间运输联系演化特征

利用1990年以来江西省交通运输及相关统计数据,在分析和评价全省各地市客、货运量状况的基础上,运用地域非均衡系数、区域位势商指标,对江西省客、货流运输联系的空间演化特征及趋势进行了探讨。研究表明,全省在交通运输业快速发展的同时,客、货运输在空间分布上已由低水平的集中趋向均衡发展,客运的廊道效应初显,在京九铁路、浙赣铁路、昌九高速、赣粤高速沿线地区客流较为集中;货运重心南移,极化效应减弱,随着全省各地市的资源优势开始转为经济优势,货运地位出现有序演变。结合江西省经济发展所处阶段,对其运输化发展阶段进行了初步的分析和讨论。