地-空瞬变电磁法电阻率成像研究与应用

地-空瞬变电磁法（Semi-airborne transient electromagnetic,SATEM）凭借适应能力强、探测深度大、实时性强等特点,适用于湖泊、沼泽、山区等地形复杂地区观测.SATEM接收数据量大、精度要求高,传统成像方法基于地面视电阻率计算未考虑飞行高度,开展SATEM的高精度快速成像研究对实际运用有重要作用.针对SATEM中电性源发射装置感应电流分布,接收装置设置于空中以及两者不在相同平面的特点,本文考虑横向、纵向感应电流差异,飞行高度对视电阻率影响等因素,提出电性源SATEM电阻率成像方法.首先,基于电性源瞬变电磁场感应电流分布特征及各分量空间分布、扩散特性分析,推导出基于均匀半空间磁场与感应电压解析解,然后定义了电性源地-空瞬变电磁法早期、晚期、全期视电阻率;最后根据对感应电流分布分析定义了横向分量和纵向分量的成像深度,并研究了成像深度受飞行高度、发射磁矩、偏移距、偏移角度的影响;对煤炭采空区的实测结果表明,利用本文提出的电阻率成像方法可以更加精确定位目标体位置.

     

基于在线惯序极限学习机的瞬变电磁非线性反演

基于梯度下降法的传统人工神经网络瞬变电磁反演方法计算效率低,不能保证全局收敛。为了解决上述问题,提出一种在线惯序极限学习机(online sequential extreme learning machine, OSELM)的瞬变电磁反演方法。该方法针对瞬变电磁法所获取的高维勘探数据进行建模反演,首先,通过随机设定隐层参数(输入权值和偏差)来简化模型的学习过程;然后,将测试得到的预测样本加入训练样本中,作为下一次的更新信息,建立在线贯序极限学习机预测模型,从而最大限度提高反演精度;最后,设计了两个经典的瞬变电磁层状地电模型并进行了拟二维地电模型的反演。反演结果表明,该方法能够较好地解决瞬变电磁法高维数据非线性建模的反演问题,同时相较极限学习机(extreme learning machine, ELM),非线性反演方法具有更加准确的反演结果、更好的泛化能力以及更高的计算效率,为神经网络在地球物理反演中的应用提供了新思路。     

ATEM-Ⅱ型瞬变电磁系统的实际应用

介绍了ATEM-II型瞬变电磁系统在矿产普查、大型矿山潜力资源探查、地下水勘察、城市工程勘察和地下活断层调查、矿井透水预测等领域的应用实例.     

中心回线瞬变电磁探测的一种快速解释方法

分析了中心回线装置激发的电磁场在晚期与平面电磁波的传播特征,通过时-频转换将TEM数据转换成平面波场数据,构建了关于反射函数的M×N阶欠定方程组.用线性规划法解出反射函数序列qm,大量模型的反演结果与理论值误差很小.以qm为参数绘制出电磁响应时间剖面图,从而实现了TEM快速成像解释.成像剖面清楚地反映了断面的地电特征.实测资料的处理结果说明了方法的实用性.     

回线源瞬变电磁法在地质灾害调查中的应用

针对工程与地质灾害调查要求解决精细构造的问题,投入了近年来广泛应用于工程勘测的回线源瞬变电磁探测.分析了瞬变电磁测深的特点,该方法体积效应小,等值作用范围较直流测深和频率测深窄,故横向和纵向分辨率高.通过2个实例的成功应用,说明回线源瞬变电磁在探测构造破碎带、煤田采空区等方面的应用效果.     

抗高温泡沫钻井液体系评价研究

高频钻井液压力波信息传输技术传输速率高,是实现自动化、智能化钻井的关键技术之一,由于高频钻井液压力波在传输过程中存在较大的衰减,阻碍了该技术的现场应用,探明其衰减规律对于高速传输技术开发具有重要意义。在假设同一钻柱截面钻井液压力相等且钻井液流速存在径向分布的基础上,基于二维轴对称瞬态流动理论,采用小信号分析方法,综合考虑了压力波信号参数、钻柱尺寸及钻井液参数的影响,建立了高频钻井液压力波衰减模型并给出了适用条件。最后采用地面实验验证了该模型的正确性。随后分析钻井液压力波频率、压力波传输距离、钻井液密度及黏度、钻柱内径对高频压力波衰减的影响。结果表明：高频钻井液压力波幅值衰减量随钻井液压力波频率、压力波传输距离及钻井液黏度的增加而增大,且变化规律为指数型;幅值衰减量受频率影响最大,并随钻井液密度及钻柱内径增加逐渐减小。本研究可为高频钻井液压力波信息传输技术研发提供理论指导。

     

Streambed restoration to remove fine sediment alters reach‐scale transient storage in a low‐gradient fifth‐order river,Indiana, USA

Hyporheic restoration is of increasing interest given the role of hyporheic zones in supporting ecosystem services and functions. Given the prevalence of sediment pollution to waterways, an emerging restoration technique involves the removal of sediment from the interstices of gravel‐bed streams. Here, we document streambed sediment removal following a large, accidental release of fine sediment into a gravel‐bed river. We use this as a natural experiment to assess the impact of fine sediment removal on reach‐scale measures of transient storage and to document the responses of reaches with contrasting morphology (restored vs. unrestored) to changing discharge one‐field season. We conducted a series of conservative solute tracer experiments in each reach, interpreting both summary statistics for the recovered in‐stream solute tracer time series. Additionally, we applied the transient storage model to interpret the results via model parameters, including a Monte Carlo analysis to measure parameter identifiability and sensitivity in each experiment. Despite the restoration effort resulting in an open matrix gravel bed in the restored reach, we did not find the significant differences in most time series metrics describing reach‐scale transport and transient storage. We hypothesize that this is due to enhanced vertical exchange with the gravel bed in the restored reach replacing lateral exchange with macrophyte beds in the unrestored reach, developing a conceptual model to explain our findings. Consequently, we found that the impact of reach‐scale removal of fine sediment is not measureable using reach‐scale solute tracer studies. We offer recommendations for future studies seeking to measure the impacts of stream restoration at the reach scale.     

Numerical modelling of stream–aquifer interaction: Quantifying the impact of transient streambed permeability and aquifer heterogeneity

Stream–aquifer interaction plays a vital role in the water cycle, and a proper study of this interaction is needed for understanding groundwater recharge, contaminants migration, and for managing surface water and groundwater resources. A model‐based investigation of a field experiment in a riparian zone of the Schwarzbach river, a tributary of the Rhine River in Germany, was conducted to understand stream–aquifer interaction under alternative gaining and losing streamflow conditions. An equivalent streambed permeability, estimated by inverting aquifer responses to flood waves, shows that streambed permeability increased during infiltration of stream water to aquifer and decreased during exfiltration. Aquifer permeability realizations generated by multiple‐point geostatistics exhibit a high degree of heterogeneity and anisotropy. A coupled surface water groundwater flow model was developed incorporating the time‐varying streambed permeability and heterogeneous aquifer permeability realizations. The model was able to reproduce varying pressure heads at two observation wells near the stream over a period of 55 days. A Monte Carlo analysis was also carried out to simulate groundwater flow, its age distribution, and the release of a hypothetical wastewater plume into the aquifer from the stream. Results of this uncertainty analysis suggest (a) stream–aquifer exchange flux during the infiltration periods was constrained by aquifer permeability; (b) during exfiltration, this flux was constrained by the reduced streambed permeability; (c) the effect of temporally variable streambed permeability and aquifer heterogeneity were found important to improve the accurate capture of the uncertainty; and (d) probabilistic infiltration paths in the aquifer reveal that such pathways and the associated prediction of the extent of the contaminant plume are highly dependent on aquifer heterogeneity.     

The investigation of Moskalenko's 1959 optical transient field inside GRB791101 error box

We report the results of an optical study of Moskalenko's OT 1959 field. The deep CCD images were obtained at the 6-m telescope of SAO RAS on June 8/9 1994. The BVR photometry of objects near the position of Moskalenko's OT 1959 are presented. An object with V= 23.43 and peculiar colours B-V= 0.9 and V-R= 1.10 was found. It is a possible candidate for the 1959 optical flash.     

瞬变电磁法在煤矿水患区预测中的应用

在青杠林煤矿工作中,利用MSD-1脉冲瞬变电磁仪,选用100m×100m正方形重叠回线装置,观测时窗8～25920μs,采样道数40道进行数据采集。经数据处理,获得该区多测道剖面图及虚拟全区视由阻率剖面图,从中解释其含水岩溶管道3处,含水岩溶空洞2处,节理、裂隙5条。根据依照水患危险程度划分标准该区岩溶管道、空洞的位置及节理、裂隙的贯穿深度,将该区定为中等程度隐患预测区。