小振幅海洋内波的演变、破碎和所致混合

利用基于谱方法和MPI并行运算的数值模式SpectralModel,直接数值模拟了三维小振幅海洋内波的演变、破碎和所致湍流混合,指出导致其不稳定而破碎的为PSI(parametric subharmonic instability)机制;对于内波破碎所致的湍流混合过程,分析了跨等密度面扩散系数kρ、混合效率γ、浮力通量谱、动能谱以及势能谱等统计性质:内波破碎前,kρ和γ保持低值水平,浮力通量谱值为负,且集中在低波数段;内波破碎后,kρ和γ迅速增大,最大值分别约为0.9×103m2/s和0.18,浮力通量谱值在低波数段为负值,在高波数段为正值,这是因为层化湍流中势能向小尺度运动传递和动能向小尺度运动传递相比更为有效。在内波破碎、强湍流混合阶段,势能谱存在一谱段满足kz3律,P(kz)=0.2N2kz3。此外,与二维模拟结果相比较,导致内波不稳定而破碎的均为PSI机制,kρ、浮力通量谱、势能谱变化趋势大体一致;但三维数值实验中,内波破碎时间提前,湍流衰减加快;KE谱在高波数部分下降速度相对减小,更接近于kz3。     

多点液压式波浪能海水淡化系统建模与仿真

为缓解淡水资源短缺及化石能源过度使用问题,提出多点液压式波浪能海水淡化系统,该系统主要由采能装置、液压传递系统与反渗透膜海水淡化设备组成。系统的采能装置采用振荡浮子式,可将波浪能转换为浮子振荡从而被液压系统吸收达到采集波浪能的目的。为了提高液压式波浪能海水淡化系统的采能效率及淡水率,利用AMEsim软件对液压传递系统进行建模与仿真,分析了蓄能器、浮子个数及波高对液压传递系统输出响应的影响。结果表明:蓄能器能够使液压马达的输出响应更加稳定;当浮子的数量增加时,液压系统达到稳定的运行状态所需的时间更短,从而有利于提高系统的效率;波高在2 m左右时,本系统的产水量达到最大。     

仿生机器鱼尾鳍推进效率的多参数优化研究

仿生机器鱼作为一种高效、高机动的水下机器人,得到了科研人员的广泛关注,对BCF方式机器鱼尾鳍推进效率的研究是其中的重点方向。目前对尾鳍推进效率的优化研究,大多局限于尾鳍单一参数的优化,这与自然鱼类的游动状态相差甚远,因而不能真正达到推进效率最大化的目的。本文提出了尾鳍多参数优化方案,通过对尾鳍转动频率、摆动幅值、击水角度和摆动周期等参数的联合优化,得到一组特定游速下的参数值,结果表明本研究对象在游速0.6L m/s时(L为体长),数值计算推进效率为65.7%,仿真推进效率为64.3%的,均大于目前单一参数的优化结果,充分体现了尾鳍多参数配合的优越性。本文的研究,对提高仿生机器鱼的推进效率具有积极作用。     

2000国家重力基本网与1985国家重力基本网的转换关系研究

分析了2000国家重力基本网与1985国家重力基本网重力点的重合情况,详细讨论了确定两网关系的方法:间接平差法、常数转换法和多项式拟合转换法,并给出了两网的关系结果。     

曲流点坝薄夹层构形对驱油效率及剩余油形成与分布的影响

陆相储层单砂体内的薄夹层是形成储层流体流动非均质的主要因素之一,单砂体内部薄夹层极薄、规模小、测井全部识别有一定困难,且位于层内。在油田开发初、中期作用不明显,而在高含水期、三采阶段,单砂体及其渗透率宏观分布已不能详尽揭示层内剩余油分布,层内薄夹层对注入剂驱油的影响及其重要性逐渐显现出来,与渗透率在储层内韵律性分布有同等重要的地位,也是储层精细表征的重要内容。以往只是着重从渗透率在储层内分布的不均衡的角度来研究储层中驱油效率问题,忽略了薄夹层的对储层驱油效率的影响。以大庆油田葡萄花油层组PⅠ2小层曲流河道砂体为例,对曲流河道砂体内部薄夹层构形对驱油效率及剩余油的形成与分布作了初步的分析和探讨。在排除开发因素差异的同井单砂体分析条件下,提出了“单砂体内部薄夹层空间构形 渗透率垂向序列 重力”三因素共同控制剩余油分布、驱油效率多段垂向序列模式。     

重力异常垂直梯度中央区效应的精密计算

为提高利用重力异常计算重力异常垂直梯度中央区效应的精度,视中央区为矩形域,将重力异常表示成双三次多项式插值形式,引入非奇异变换,推导出了重力异常垂直梯度中央区效应的精密计算公式。以低纬度区域分辨率为2＇×2＇的重力异常数据为背景场进行了仿真分析,结果表明在解算计算点所在的1个网格的中央区效应时,传统公式与本文导出公式计算结果差值的最大值达数E。该导出公式可为重力异常垂直梯度中央区效应的精密计算提供理论依据。     

大豆蛋白废水处理中泡沫分离过程的数学模型

假设吸附过程始终处于平衡态、气泡大小均一以及每一个气泡均为正十二面体,构建了泡沫分离过程的数学模型.模拟了液池中蛋白质在气液界面上的吸附过程和泡沫层中气泡的失水过程,得出了富集比的表达式,可用于分离效果的预测.经验证,模型与实验条件下的泡沫分离过程基本符合.     

基于水淘选分级的长江口及邻近海域表层沉积物中磷的形态分布和迁移转化

磷是一种重要的生源要素,在河口、边缘海的初级生产中发挥重要作用,了解沉积物中磷的形态分布和迁移转化有助于深入了解该区域生态系统动力学。于2013年3月在长江口及邻近海域采集了表层沉积物样品,利用水淘选方法对沉积物进行了分级,并采用化学连续提取法分析了未分级和分级沉积物样品中的6种磷形态含量:可交换态磷、活性有机磷、铁结合态磷、自生磷灰石磷、碎屑磷和难分解有机磷,讨论了该区域沉积物中磷的形态分布、选择性输运过程和迁移转化。沉积物中总磷含量在14.0~18.4 μmol/g,其中碎屑磷是其主要成分,占54.5%,其次是有机磷和难分解有机磷,分别占到15.1%和13.1%。不同粒级沉积物中磷形态含量不同,可交换态磷、活性有机磷、铁结合态磷、自生磷灰石磷和难分解有机磷随粒级增加含量逐渐降低,而碎屑磷主要集中在粗粒级（大于32 μm）沉积物中。基于各粒级磷形态的质量分布,发现小于32 μm粒级的沉积物中各磷形态含量从长江口向浙闽沿岸逐渐增加,向外海方向逐渐减小,而大于32 μm沉积物的变化趋势与此相反,体现了不同形态磷的选择性输运。随粒径增大,总有机碳对有机磷比值（TOC/Or-P）先降低后升高,在大粒级沉积物中,TOC/Or-P比值较高主要是因为陆源有机碳贡献较高,而在小粒级沉积物中,主要是由于有机磷的迁移和转化更为活跃,体现了细颗粒物中有机磷相对有机碳的优先分解。本研究表明,从分级的角度可以对河口、边缘海的磷循环有一个更全面的认识。     

A laboratory study on capillary sealing efficiency of Iranian shale and anhydrite caprocks

Caprock has the most important role in the long term safety of formation gas storage. The caprocks trap fluid accumulated beneath, contribute to lateral migration of this fluid and impede its upward migration. The rapid upward passage of invasive plumes due to buoyancy pressure is prevented by capillary pressure within these seal rocks. In the present study, two main seal rocks, from the Zagros basin in the southwest of Iran, a shale core sample of Asmari formation and an anhydrite core sample of Gachsaran formation, were provided. Absolute permeabilities of shale and anhydrite cores, considering the Klinkenberg effect, were measured as 6.09 × 10⁻¹⁸ and 0.89 × 10⁻¹⁸ m², respectively. Capillary sealing efficiency of the cores was investigated using gas breakthrough experiments. To do so, two distinct techniques including step by step and residual capillary pressure approaches were performed, using carbon dioxide, nitrogen and methane gases at temperatures of 70 and 90 °C, under confining pressures in the range 24.13–37.92 MPa. In the first technique, it was found that capillary breakthrough pressure of the cores varies in the range from 2.76 to 34.34 MPa. Moreover, the measurements indicated that after capillary breakthrough, gas effective permeabilities lie in range 1.85 × 10⁻²¹ – 1.66 × 10⁻¹⁹ m². In the second technique, the minimum capillary displacement pressure of shale varied from 0.66 to 1.45 MPa with the maximum effective permeability around 7.76 × 10⁻²¹ – 6.69 × 10⁻²⁰ m². The results indicate that anhydrite caprock of the Gachsaran formation provides proper capillary sealing efficacy, suitable for long term storage of the injected CO₂ plumes, due to its higher capillary breakthrough pressure and lower gas effective permeability.     

Petroleum retention in the Mandal Formation,Central Graben,Norway

Upper Jurassic organic matter-rich, marine shales of the Mandal Formation have charged major petroleum accumulations in the North Sea Central Graben including the giant Ekofisk field which straddles the graben axis. Recent exploration of marginal basin positions such as the Mandal High area or the Søgne Basin has been less successful, raising the question as to whether charging is an issue, possibly related to high thermal stability of the source organic matter or delayed expulsion from source to carrier.The Mandal Formation is in part a very prolific source rock containing mainly Type II organic matter with <12 wt.-% TOC and HI < 645 mg HC/g TOC but Type III-influenced organofacies are also present. The formation is therefore to varying degrees heterogeneous. Here we show, using geochemical mass balance modelling, that the petroleum expulsion efficiency of the Mandal Formation is relatively low as compared to the Upper Jurassic Draupne Formation, the major source rock in the Viking Graben system. Using maturity series of different initial source quality from structurally distinct regions and encompassing depositional environments from proximal to distal facies, we have examined the relationship between free hydrocarbon retention and organic matter structure. The aromaticity of the original and matured petroleum precursors in the Mandal source rock plays a major role in its gas retention capacity as cross-linked monoaromatic rings act on the outer surface of kerogen as sorptive sites. However, oil retention is a function of both kerogen and involatile bitumen compositions. Slight variations in total petroleum retention capacities within the same kerogen yields suggest that texture of organic matter (e.g. organic porosity) could play a role as well.