Use of double mass curves in hydrologic benefit evaluations

Environmental change resulting from intensified human interventions and climate change has impacted the hydrological function of many large river systems, largely altering the production and transport of run‐off and sediment. It is thus vital to quantitatively evaluate the influence of climate change and human activities on streamflow and sediment discharge. Water balance equations, hydrological models, and comparative analyses are commonly used to fulfil this need. Double mass curves (DMCs), being one useful method for comparative analyses, are characterized by low data requirements and high transferability, and thus more practical than water balance equations and hydrological models for hydrologic benefit evaluations. However, the detailed derivation procedure of the DMC has, to date, yet been described in literature. Moreover, in previous studies, changing points of the DMC were determined either rather empirically or as the changing point of streamflow or sediment discharge (i.e., precipitation was not considered). Hence, the changing point detected may be subject to inaccuracies. This paper, for the first time, comprehensively detailed the derivation procedure of the DMC; a new way was proposed to quantitatively examine the changing point of the DMC; an example was also given to demonstrate the use of the DMC in the hydrologic benefit evaluation. It is hopeful that the method given in our paper will be widely adopted by future studies as a standard procedure to derive and use the DMC.     

基于测震强震仪器健康状态数据的应用集成开发

首先介绍测震和强震仪器健康状态数据的集成方法,然后将方法应用于仪器健康状态分布式监视系统的服务器端设计,并通过综合应用Java EE、消息推送和WebGIS技术实现数据集成基础上的应用集成。系统具有功能实用、性能优异及界面友好的特点,在地震台网应用中有助于提高运维工作效率,同时可为测震强震台网业务系统的综合集成以及同类应用软件的开发提供典型示范。     

Quantitative reconstruction of Holocene sediment sources contributing to the central Jiangsu coast,China: New insights into source-to-sink processes

Coastal deltaic deposits are the primary locations for sediment storage on Earth, and quantifying their source contributions is a critical prerequisite for delineating S2S patterns in marginal seas. In most cases, quantification for the contribution by fine-grained sediments (i.e. particle size < 63 μm) is considered to be representative to constrain the overall sediment supply. However, this approach may be inappropriate because large differences exist between the two quantities. Here we propose an approach to solve the problem, which is based on the maximum number of tracers from multiple sediment size fractions incorporating the content of all size fractions of sediment. Using this approach, absolute source contributions during the Holocene are reconstructed that provide a first-order model for the S2S pattern of the central Jiangsu coast, China. The Huanghe River is the strongest driver for the Holocene sedimentation, with a mean contribution of ~72 ± 6% (1417 × 10⁸ t). The absolute contributions from the Changjiang and offshore areas were of secondary importance, (i.e. ~17 ± 1% (330 × 10⁸ t) and ~11 ± 5% (217 × 10⁸ t), respectively). The results show that a large difference between the relative and absolute source contributions and the assumption that the relative contribution represents the absolute contribution is invalid in a coastal setting. The impact of the Huanghe is mainly based on episodic events, such as the event of 1128–1855 AD . The model also reveals that the offshore sediments are as important as the Changjiang sediments for the central Jiangsu coast during the Holocene. Thus, the model provides both the time series and overall quantities of sediment supply during the formation and evolution of the Holocene tidal flats on the Jiangsu coast. Our findings shed new light on quantitative analysis of sediment sources applicable to future S2S studies of marginal seas. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The representation of sediment source group tracer distributions in Monte Carlo uncertainty routines for fingerprinting: An analysis of accuracy and precision using data for four contrasting catchments

Previous studies comparing sediment fingerprinting un-mixing models report large differences in their accuracy. The representation of tracer concentrations in source groups is perhaps the largest difference between published studies. However, the importance of decisions concerning the representation of tracer distributions has not been explored explicitly. Accordingly, potential sediment sources in four contrasting catchments were intensively sampled. Virtual sample mixtures were formed using between 10 and 100% of the retrieved samples to simulate sediment mobilization and delivery from subsections of each catchment. Source apportionment used models with a transformed multivariate normal distribution, normal distribution, 25th–75th percentile distribution and a distribution replicating the retrieved source samples. The accuracy and precision of model results were quantified and the reasons for differences were investigated. The 25th–75th percentile distribution produced the lowest mean inaccuracy (8.8%) and imprecision (8.5%), with the Sample Based distribution being next best (11.5%; 9.3%). The transformed multivariate (16.9%; 17.3%) and untransformed normal distributions (16.3%; 20.8%) performed poorly. When only a small proportion of the source samples formed the virtual mixtures, accuracy decreased with the 25th–75th percentile and Sample Based distributions so that when <20% of source samples were used, the actual mixture composition infrequently fell outside of the range of uncertainty shown in un-mixing model outputs. Poor performance was due to combined random Monte Carlo numbers generated for all tracers not being viable for the retrieved source samples. Trialling the use of a 25th–75th percentile distribution alongside alternatives may result in significant improvements in both accuracy and precision of fingerprinting estimates, evaluated using virtual mixtures. Caution should be exercised when using a normal type distribution, without exploration of alternatives, as un-mixing model performance may be unacceptably poor.     

国内勘探领域钻井冲洗液的研究应用现状综述

文章总结了钻井冲洗液在国内大陆科学钻探、金属矿床钻探、石油钻井、煤田地质钻探、水井工程及地热井等领域的研究应用现状,以及在废泥浆处理方面的研究进展.     

应用信息技术提升古地理学研究水平

古地理学是研究地质历史时期自然地理特征的地质科学,其研究目标是海洋和陆地的变迁历史及其内部古地理单元的分布和特征。中国的古地理学研究是多来源的和多分支学科的,主要来源于地层学、大地构造学、古生物学、沉积岩石学、第四纪地质学等,相应地产生了多个古地理学分支学科。不同分支学科形成多种类型的古地理图,它们是古地理学研究成果的集中体现。现代计算机和信息技术的飞速发展为古地理学研究提供了一系列新的研究手段。多种多样的信息采集和管理方法可以建立不同时期的古地理学综合数据库;空间数据模型为组织多来源和多尺度的古地理信息提供框架;三维数据建模和虚拟现实技术为古地理环境重建营造了必要条件;互联网络技术的发展可使古地理学研究成果更好地为用户服务。古地理学研究与信息技术的融合不仅能使研究手段和水平得以提升,还能更好地为地质历史时期中沉积矿产勘查提供有效的技术支持。     

Microsoft SQL Server 2000在天津市地震前兆台网中心的应用

主要介绍了《天津市地震前兆台网管理软件》的数据库管理功能及其在前兆台网中心的重要作用,VB管理数字化前兆数据库的关键技术、HTTP方式访问数据库的方法以及地下流体月报表打印源码实例等。     

赣北风沙-粉尘堆积体系元素地球化学变化特征及其对黄土物源示踪意义

粉尘的搬运与堆积过程,理论上是不同粒径的岩屑与矿屑颗粒被风力分选并依次沉降的过程,而元素在不同粒级的岩屑与矿屑的富集程度有所差异;因此,对岩屑与矿屑颗粒分选,在一定程度上是对地球化学元素的分选。因此,基于元素地球化学对黄土粉尘示踪研究中,单一节点或(和)剖面均不具有对粉尘源区的严格代表性,通过比较单一节点或剖面的元素地球化学而进行物源示踪的方法往往存在较大的不确定性。本文通过对中亚热带赣北鄱阳湖地区芙蓉-周溪一带的风沙-粉尘堆积体系常量和微量元素的多维度统计分析,发现地球化学元素及其元素对均存在系统性的分选与分异特点。稳定元素(如Al、Ti、Zr、Nb、Lu、Hf、Ta)及其元素对随距物源区的远近呈现线性、指数或对数等的单向变化特点,其变化幅度在沉积体系中可达31%~42%;在二维和三维散点图中其元素对的投影轨迹,是一个有方向的线状或者带状区域。这表明,风沙-粉尘堆积体系内元素地球化学从上风向到下风向是单调变化的,传统上基于元素地球化学的黄土粉尘物源示踪,通过判断投影区域的远近而进行示踪分析,在理论上有一定缺陷。初步建议,未来的元素地球化学示踪应避免单一剖面元素示踪的方法,而应根据粉尘堆积体系的分布情况系统采样,通过揭示粉尘堆积体系元素地球化学的系统特征来开展基于地球化学元素的黄土粉尘物源示踪研究。     

堰塞坝漫顶溃决过程溃口纵向下切与溯源

为进一步了解堰塞坝溃坝过程,开展了9组水槽模型试验,对溃口纵向下切和溯源发展过程进行了系统分析,并讨论了上溯源点移动速度与溃口水深之间的关系。研究发现：非黏性堰塞坝溃坝过程中,冲刷面与底床的夹角时刻发生变化,上、下溯源点位置不固定但也不能完全发展到坝踵;上、下坡面坡度增大到最大值1：1.5时,下溯源点到下游坝趾的最大距离与坝体沿水流方向长度的比值（x_p^*/x_d^*,反映下溯源点最终相对位置）对应降低到最小值0.24和0.18;坝体相对尺寸从1减小到1/2时,x_p^*/x_d^*值从0.38增大到0.47。上溯源点的无量纲移动速度是不断变化的,在无量纲时刻为0.13时,其x,y分量分别达到峰值0.94和0.32;上溯源点处溃口水深出现时刻相对移动速度峰值点出现时刻有延迟,大概延迟0.04个无量纲时间。     

Fundamental yet simplified model for liquefaction instability

A fundamental procedure is proposed for the identification of liquefaction in saturated soils based on the instability in the material's microstructure. The disturbed state concept (DSC) provides a unified constitutive model for the characterization of entire stress–strain behaviour under cyclic loading, and the values of disturbance at threshold states in the deforming microstructure provides the basis for the identification of liquefaction. The procedure is verified with respect to laboratory behaviour of two sands, saturated Ottawa and Reid Bedford. A mathematical analysis of the DSC constitutive matrix is also performed. Procedures for the application of the DSC for simplified analysis and design, and in finite element procedures are presented. It is believed that the proposed model can provide a fundamental yet simplified procedure for liquefaction analysis, and as a result, it is considered to be an improvement over the available empirical and energy-based procedures. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.