Isolation and Characterization of Pathogenic Listonella anguillarum of Diseased Haft-Smooth Tongue Sole （Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther）

Studies were conducted to determine the cause of the acute mortality of half-smooth tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther juveniles in a fish farm in Jimo, Shandong Province, China, in June 2006. Gross signs of the diseased tongue sole included several petechiae and ecchymoses on the body and fin necrosis and hemorrhagic lesion at the base of the fin. Bacteria were isolated from kidney, liver and hemorrhagic lesions of the diseased tongue sole. Among 14 strains, SJ060621 was proved to be highly virulent to juvenile tongue sole with LD50 value of 〈1.0×10^5 colony forming units （CFU）mL^-1, while the remaining 13 were avirulent. Among the 16 antibiotics tested, SJ060621 was sensitive to gentamicin and nitrofurantoin. It was identified as Listonella anguillantm with conventional plate and tube tests in combination with API 20E analysis. 16S rRNA gene and partial HSP60 gene sequenceing analysis revealed that the strain was highly homologous with L. anguillarum. Examination of the infected musculature by electron microscopy indicated numerous bacteria and lots of macrophages containing phagocytosed bacteria. Histopathological investigations revealed severe necrotic degenerative changes in the infected organs. Indirect immunofluorescence assay （IFA） was employed to detect the location of occurrence of bacteria, and bacteria were found in aggregations in the inflammatory areas in musculature.     

半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)早期发育阶段的摄食特性及生长研究

采用实验生态学方法，研究半滑舌鳎早期发育阶段的摄食特性及生长特性。结果表明，半滑舌鳎初孵仔鱼在23℃水温条件下，2—3日龄开口摄食，开口后投喂轮虫。孵化后12日龄，全长达到8—9mm左右，可摄食卤虫无节幼体。随着仔稚鱼的发育及摄食强度的增强，表现出越来越明显的摄食节律。6日龄仔鱼在24h内均有不同程度的摄食，相对来说9：00、12：00、15：00、18：00为其摄食率的高峰。16日龄稚鱼的摄食节律已出现较明显趋势，9：00、15：00为其摄食率的高峰。26日龄营底栖生活后稚鱼，由浮游生活方式变为底栖生活方式，摄食率的高峰出现在18：00、24：00。半滑舌鳎的捕食能力随其生长逐渐增强，6日龄仔鱼的平均摄食强度在摄食率高峰之后的2—3h内达到最高，出现在12：00、18：00；16日龄稚鱼在10：00—17：00期间平均摄食强度相对较大。26日龄稚鱼，捕食能力明显增强，伴随着摄食率高峰的出现，平均摄食强度也分别在18：00和24：00达到高峰。随着生活方式的转变，半滑舌鳎摄食节律有着明显的变化：早期的浮游生活阶段，以白天摄食为主，摄食高峰出现在白天；营底栖生活阶段半滑舌鳎转为夜间摄食，摄食高峰出现在夜间。半滑舌鳎不同发育阶段的日平均摄食率分别为：6日龄仔鱼65％，16日龄稚鱼39．7％，26日龄稚鱼11％。随着仔稚鱼的发育，个体生长表现出越来越明显的差异。     

Seasonal Forecast of South China Sea Summer Monsoon Onset Disturbed by Cold Tongue La Niña in the Past Decade

It has been suggested that a warm(cold)ENSO event in winter is mostly followed by a late(early)onset of the South China Sea(SCS)summer monsoon(SCSSM)in spring.Our results show this positive relationship,which is mainly determined by their phase correlation,has been broken under recent rapid global warming since 2011,due to the disturbance of cold tongue(CT)La Ni?a events.Different from its canonical counterpart,a CT La Ni?a event is characterized by surface meridional wind divergences in the central-eastern equatorial Pacific,which can delay the SCSSM onset by enhanced convections in the warming Indian Ocean and the western subtropical Pacific.Owing to the increased Indian?western Pacific warming and the prevalent CT La Ni?a events,empirical seasonal forecasting of SCSSM onset based on ENSO may be challenged in the future.     

Morphological and molecular evidence supports the occurrence of a single species of Zebrias zebrinus along the coastal waters of China

The so-called zebra sole includes a group of small flatfishes characterized by transverse band pairs on the ocular side and distributed throughout shallow waters along the coast of the Indo-West Pacific Ocean. Sev-eral species of the zebra sole have been recorded from the coastal waters of China. Morphological analysis of 1 107 specimens of the zebra sole from 15 successive localities along the China’s coast demonstrated that no significant variations among these localities were found on the basis of meristic counts and morphometric characters. Phylogenetic analysis based onCOI gene sequences of 14 individuals and D-loop of 22 indi-viduals from eight localities showed that they were indistinguishable among these localities. Therefore, both morphological and molecular evidence supported the occurrence of a single species of the zebra sole along the China’s coast. The available name for this species isZebriaszebrinus （Temminck and Schlegel, 1846） in-stead ofZ.zebra （Bloch, 1787）.Zebrias fasciatus（Basilewsky, 1855） andSolea ommatura （Richardson, 1846） are considered here as two synonyms ofZ. zebrinus.     

中国-巴基斯坦喀喇昆仑公路Ghulkin冰川百年进退变化

巴基斯坦喀喇昆仑山的Ghulkin冰川是距离中国-巴基斯坦喀喇昆仑公路最近的典型冰川之一,其冰川的进退变化影响着喀喇昆仑公路改建工程的线路设计与工程施工.为了追溯Ghulkin冰川的活动历史和查明近期进退变化,对过去200 a的相关文献和记录进行统计分析,并开展了2008-2011年野外定点观测,总结与分析了Ghulkin冰川冰舌的活动历史与近期变化.研究表明：Ghulkin冰川在1885-1980年近百年间经历了3次前进和3次后退,在此期间冰川波动了625 m;1913-1925年冰川处于显著的前进状态,1966-1978年冰川有小段距离的前进;2008-2011年K676+660处泥石流沟道逐年抬升,2011年南坡冰川融水由K676+660改道至K676+450;2010年的南坡冰舌较1994年后退了300余米,2011年的南坡冰舌较2010年后退了15.066 m,可见在2010-2011年期间冰川处于局部短期后退状态. 中巴公路冰川泥石流等灾害不但受区域气候的影响,而且还受冰川变化的影响.未来气候变暖将会导致冰川的强烈消融和后退,冰川融水携带大量冰碛体,形成大型的冰川泥石流,对公路的安全运营造成严重威胁.     

海洋环流模式对平流方案与分辨率的敏感性

文中将中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室（LASG）发展的准全球海洋环流模式（LICOM）,从水平分辨率、垂直分辨率、平流方案3个方面分别采用不同的方案,进行组合试验,研究这些因素对于海洋环流（特别是热带海洋）的重要影响。8组试验表明,水平分辨率的提高,对于流场的改进有显著作用,能够使流场达到与实际非常接近的强度;调整的垂直分辨率,上层海洋的加密,能够使热带太平洋上层海洋的模拟改进;引入的两步保形平流方案,能够使得热带太平洋海温的模拟有所改进,这种改进的效果在低分辨率的情况下,尤为明显。同时,8组试验也一致地表现出等温线的密集程度比实际情况稀疏,这反映了模式在物理过程,特别是混合过程的描述方面,还有值得改进的地方。     

半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)Patched 1基因的克隆和表达分析

Hedgehog(Hh)信号通路在脊椎动物和非脊椎动物发育过程中细胞信号传导方面发挥重要的作用。Patched 1 (Ptc1)基因是Hh的受体,通过和Hh配体结合调节Hh信号通路。本研究克隆和鉴定了半滑舌鳎的Ptc1基因(csptc1),该基因cDNA全长为5212 nt,编码蛋白包括1543个氨基酸残基,序列比对和进化分析显示该蛋白在进化过程中较为保守。荧光定量显示该基因在脑,肝脏,心脏,鳃,肠,脾脏、肾脏和性腺组织中普遍表达,在精巢中的表达水平显著高于卵巢。精巢中的原位杂交信号主要位于该基因主要在初级精母细胞,次级精母细胞和支持细胞中,而在卵母细胞中的信号较弱。Csptc1基因在卵巢中的甲基化水平高于在雄鱼和伪雄鱼精巢中。这一研究结果可能说明csptc1基因参与了 Desert Hedgehog (DHH)基因维持雄鱼和伪雄鱼的生殖细胞系以及精子发生等生物学过程。     

10 个半滑舌鳎家系 MHC IIB 基因多态性初步研究

为检测10个半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)家系MHCⅡB(Cyse-DAB)基因的多态性水平、MHCⅡ类B位点数目以及平衡选择的作用,作者利用多聚酶链式反应(PCR)和直接测序的方法对10个半滑舌鳎家系MHCⅡB基因位点遗传变异和平衡选择进行了研究。用特异性引物和PCR扩增的半滑舌鳎MHCⅡB基因片段大约397 bp,包含一部分第一外显子,全部第一内含子和全部第二外显子。10个半滑舌鳎家系中,每家系选取5个体,每个体5个克隆序列分析发现60个不同序列,代表60个等位基因,其中有28个是新发现的,已提交到Gen Bank。同源分析表明60个等位基因相似性为89.36%。共50个个体中,有6个存在5个不同等位基因,表明在半滑舌鳎至少存在3个座位。有9个家系的MHCⅡB序列多肽结合区(PBR)的非同义替换(dN)显著高于同义替换(dS)。