Si2O2 molecule: structure of ground state and the excited properties under different external electric fields

Geometry and vibrational frequencies of the ground state of Si₂O₂ molecule are studied using density function theory (DFT) at the level of cc-pvtz and 6-311++G^**. It is found that the optimizing value by B3lyp/cc-pvtz is closer to the experimental data. The excited properties under different external electric fields are also investigated by the time-dependent-DFT method. Transitions from the ground state of Si₂O₂ molecule to the first singlet state under different external electric fields can take place more easily. The corresponding absorption spectral line is about 360 nm in wavelength and the excitation energy is about 3.4 eV.     

THE ACTIVITY FEATURES OF XIADIAN FAULT ZONE REVEALED BY RONGJIABAO TRENCH AND ITS PROBABILISTIC SEISMIC HAZARD EVALUATION

The time-dependent probabilistic seismic hazard assessment of the active faults based on the quantitative study of seismo-geology has the vital practical significance for the earthquake prevention and disaster management because it describes the seismic risk of active faults by the probability of an earthquake that increases with time and the predicted magnitude. The Poisson model used in the traditional probabilistic method contradicts with the activity characteristics of the fault, so it cannot be used directly to the potential earthquake risk evaluation of the active fault where the time elapsing from the last great earthquake is relatively short. That is to say, the present Poisson model might overestimate the potential earthquake risk of the Xiadian active fault zone in North China because the elapsed time after the historical M8 earthquake that occurred in 1679 is only 341a. Thus, based on paleoearthquake study and geomorphology survey in the field, as well as integrating the data provided by the previous scientists, this paper reveals two paleo-events occurring on the Xiadian active fault zone. The first event E₁ occurred in 1679 with magnitude M8 and ruptured the surface from Sanhe City of Hebei Province to Pinggu District of Beijing at about 341a BP, and the other happened in (4.89±0.68)ka BP(E₂). Our research also found that the average co-seismic displacement is ~(1.4±0.1)m, and the predicted maximum magnitude of the potential earthquake is 8.0. In addition, the probabilistic seismic hazard analysis of great earthquakes for Xiadian active fault zone in the forthcoming 30a is performed based on Poisson model, Brownian time passage model(BPT), stochastic characteristic-slip model(SCS)and NB model to describe time-dependent features of the fault rupture source and its characteristic behavior. The research shows that the probability of strong earthquake in the forthcoming 30a along the Xiadian active fault zone is lower than previously thought, and the seismic hazard level estimated by Poisson model might be overestimated. This result is also helpful for the scientific earthquake potential estimation and earthquake disaster protection of the Xiadian active fault zone, and for the discussion on how to better apply the time-dependent probabilistic methods to the earthquake potential evaluation of active faults in eastern China.     

Some estimates regarding a finite time stability problem of the Sun-Earth-Jupiter system

The spatial three-body problem of the Sun, Earth, Jupiter is studied over a finite time interval comparable with the age of the solar system. Some basic concepts of Nekhoroshev's theory are adopted; however, because of the finite time horizon considered, the canonical transformation scheme can be stopped with a third-order remainder. The overall effect of Jupiter is estimated from its maximal gravitational forces acting on the orbital elements of the Earth. This is done both analytically and numerically. The conservation of energy and angular momentum are rigorously taken into account. As part of a rather extensive programme which has not yet been completed, the effects of the first-order resonances and of a typical third-order rest term are estimated. Both contributions are found to be at their largest when the two osculating ellipses are coplanar. The third order force examined is zero at opposition by time reversal symmetry, but its maximal value lies close to this constellation. It can give rise to a 5% fluctuation of the semimajor axis of the Earth, not before 12 billion years, provided the eccentricity and inclination of the Earth are confined to 0e0.2 and 0i3/4, respectively. The self-consistent check of the two latter conditions is left to a future study. The results of this paper rely on a certain adiabatic approximation.     

基于黄土变形时效试验的高填方工后沉降研究

以填土厚约80 m的吕梁机场黄土高填方试验段为研究对象,开展不同性状黄土的室内变形时效性试验,并建立了反映其变形时效性的修正Burgers模型（M-B模型）,将其引入到有限差分法软件FLAC3D中,开展了填土在不同压实度、含水率控制标准和不同地基处理方案下高填方的工后沉降规律敏感性分析。基于原位监测结果进行数值反演和预测分析,进一步探究室内试验得到的变形时效性参数与高填方概化层参数之间的差异。结果表明：深厚黄土地基上的高填方工程,其原地基的处理是控制工后总沉降的首要因素,在设计填料的压实度时,其含水率的控制也是影响工后沉降的重要因素;经反演分析得到,概化层变形参数比室内大1～4倍,预测得到深厚黄土地基上的高填方沉降稳定的时间需3～4 a,建议竣工后1.5～2.0 a开展基础设施建设。     

一个描述软黏土时效特性的一维弹黏塑性模型

为了描述软黏土一维应力-应变关系的时效特性,基于Bjerrum的等时间线体系,提出等黏塑性应变率线概念,推导了黏塑性应变率与黏塑性应变增量的关系,建立了软黏土的一维弹黏塑性模型;从理论上分析了新建模型与3种典型的一维弹黏塑性时效本构模型的内在联系,表明新建模型与其他3种模型在本质上是等效的,且形式更简洁,物理意义更明确;利用新建模型对软黏土的固结-蠕变耦合效应、应变率效应、应力松弛效应等时效特性进行了理论分析,并得到了相应的解析解;结合宁波软黏土的一维固结试验,阐述了模型参数的确定方法,并用新建模型对宁波软黏土的固结-蠕变试验、温州软黏土的一维多级等应变率试验、香港海相软黏土的一维应力松弛试验进行模拟,验证了新建模型的有效性。研究结果表明,新建模型能很好地模拟软黏土的一维时效特性。     

高边坡坝基柱状节理玄武岩开挖卸荷时效松弛特性

柱状节理玄武岩在开挖卸荷条件下容易松弛与开裂,是白鹤滩水电站坝基稳定的主要挑战。以白鹤滩水电站左岸坝基柱状节理玄武岩试验区为工程背景,采用单孔声波、钻孔摄像等原位测试技术,研究了分梯段开挖及时间效应条件下Ⅲ1类和Ⅲ2类柱状节理玄武岩松弛深度、松弛程度的时空演化规律,探讨了坝基柱状节理岩体松弛特征的原因。分析结果表明：柱状节理玄武岩的松弛深度主要由开挖引起,临近开挖面岩体的松弛程度随时间呈负指数增长,其时效期不超过半年。柱状节理岩体松弛特征与岩体质量关系密切,两类岩体的松弛深度、松弛程度的时效性及松弛程度随孔深的分布规律差异较大。坝基柱状节理岩体时效松弛是由内部节理张开导致的岩体强度参数的时效劣化引起。该研究对认识柱状节理岩体卸荷力学行为及优化坝基柱状节理岩体开挖保护方案具有重要意义。     

Wave height transformation and set-up between a submerged permeable breakwater and a seawall

In this study,we investigated wave transformation and wave set-up between a submerged permeable breakwater and a seawall.Modified time-dependent mild-slope equations,which involve parameters of the porous medium,were used to calculate the wave height transformation and the mean water level change around a submerged breakwater.The numerical solution is verified with experimental data.The simulated results show that modulations of the wave profile and wave set-up are clearly observed between the submerged breakwater and the seawall.In contrast to cases without a seawall,the node or pseudo-node of wave height evolution can be found between the submerged breakwater and the seawall.Higher wave set-up occurs if the nodal or pseudo-nodal point appears near the submerged breakwater.We also examined the influence of the porosity and friction factor of the submerged permeable breakwater on wave transformation and set-up.     

湿度扩散诱发的隧洞时效变形数值模拟研究

环境湿度在水敏感岩体中的扩散对隧洞等地下空间的变形起到至关重要的作用,不仅改变岩体的应力状态,还在很大程度上造成岩体物理力学性能的弱化,增强了岩体的时效变形特性。通过在数值模型中引入湿度扩散计算,并建立湿度扩散与岩体力学响应之间相互关系的描述,使得数值模型能模拟水敏感岩体受湿度影响的时效变形特征。针对具有支护系统的隧洞岩体在湿度扩散过程中的变形和应力特性的数值模拟研究表明：开挖初期,只有围岩表面的湿度产生变化,湿度引起的隧洞变形量也较小,但其变形速率却较大。随着湿度的进一步扩散,隧洞的变形总量增加,但变形速率逐渐降低,并最终得以收敛;数值计算再现了锚杆系统中的应力演化过程,其中拉应力的逐渐增大限制了围岩的部分变形;湿度在围岩中的扩散造成较大范围内围岩的强度降低,承载能力减弱,隧洞周边逐渐产生破坏。破坏的产生不仅引起局部应力集中,促使裂纹的进一步扩展,还有助于水分在围岩中的扩散。因此,湿度扩散和破坏（损伤）是一个相互影响的过程,也即湿度-应力-损伤耦合作用     

表土结皮形成影响因素述评

西北干旱半干旱地区,表土结皮普遍发育,其形成受诸多因素影响。土壤质地是影响表土结皮形成的最重要因素。此外,团聚体稳定性、表面粗糙度、矿物质和交换性离子浓度、降雨历时、降雨强度、前期含水量、湿润速度等因素同样对结皮的形成具有重要影响。结皮的形成可以简要归纳为两个主要过程,一是团聚体的分散,二是分散后的粘粒阻塞土壤孔隙。因此团聚体稳定性和粘粒含量是影响表土结皮形成的关键。研究发现,土壤中粘粒含量为20%～30%时,极易形成结皮,当粘粒含量超过40%时,团聚体变得较为稳定,结皮形成受到一定抑制。此外,土壤中如果富含蒙脱石矿物,或者土壤溶液具有较低的交换性钠离子和电解质浓度,则表土结皮易于形成。前期含水量和湿润速度对结皮形成也同样具有重要影响。试验表明,粘粒含量较高的试样在较低的前期含水量情况下更容易形成结皮,因为稳定性较高的团聚体在干燥条件下更容易因迅速湿润而崩解。湿润速度对表土结皮的影响作用随着粘粒含量的增加而增大,但在土壤结构不稳定条件下,其影响作用受到很大限制。影响结皮形成的各因素并不是孤立的,它们之间互相作用、互相影响,这给定量研究和分析结皮形成敏感性带来很大难度,如何对各影响因子的临界值进行确定以及定量研...     

Cosmological Model with a Time-Dependent Equation of State in a Kaluza–Klein Metric

A homogeneous cosmological model in Kaluza–Klein metric is obtained assuming a time-dependent equation of state. The solution is in fact generalization of an earlier work by Hajj and Boutros for a perfect fluid. It is also found that dimensional reduction of the extra space takes place such that the five-dimensional universe naturally evolves into an effective four-dimensional one. The dynamical behaviour of the model is examined and it is also found that with a decrease in extra space the observable three-dimensional space entropy increase thus accounting for the large value of entropy observable at present.