论铅同位素的地质指示作用

在地球壳、慢物质交换过程中,铅同位素具有从均-趋向不均-或从非均-趋向新的均-的倾向,而使其具备作为指示剂的条件。研究时若将铅同位素的时空演化与成矿作用有机结合,则其指示作用更明显。本文以东秦岭和粤北韶关地区的多种地质体的铅同位素成分资料为基础,探讨了铅同位素在构造环境、物质来源及成矿作用等方面的指示作用。     

Hydrogeochemical and Isotopic Study of Groundwater in a Semi-arid Region: Yeniceoba Plain (Cihanbeyli-KONYA), Central Anatolia,Turkey

Groundwater is the most important source of water supply in the Yeniceoba Plain in Central Anatolia,Turkey.An understanding of the geochemical evolution of groundwater is important for the sustainable development of water resources in this region.A hydrogeochemical investigation was conducted in the Plio-Quaternary aquifer system using stable isotopes(δ~(18)O andδD),tritium(~3H),major and minor elements(Ca,Na,K,Mg,Cl,SO_4,NO_3,HCO_3 and Br)in order to identify groundwater chemistry patterns and the processes affecting groundwater mineralization in this system.The chemical data reveal that the chemical composition of groundwater in this aquifer system is mainly controlled by rock/water interactions including dissolution of evaporitic minerals,weathering of silicates,precipitation/dissolution of carbonates,ion exchange,and evaporation.Based on the values of Cl/Br ratio(300 mg/l)in the Plio-Quaternary groundwater,dissolution of evaporitic minerals in aquifer contributes significantly to the high mineralization.The stable isotope analyses indicate that the groundwater in the system was influenced by evaporation of rainfall during infiltration.Low tritium values(generally1 tritium units)of groundwater reflect a minor contribution of recent recharge and groundwater residence times of more than three or four decades.     

拉萨地体东南部整体地壳成分及其成因分析

造山带地壳结构和成分的基本特征对于认识大陆地壳成分演化和区域成矿背景具有重要意义.综合青藏高原拉萨地体东南部地球物理、高温高压岩石物性和岩浆岩地球化学资料,分析该地区地壳整体成分特征,并探讨其可能成因.该地区平均地壳波速显著低于全球大陆和造山带地壳的平均值,表明地壳整体具有中酸性成分,下地壳特征也可由中性岩石(残余体性质的中性含石榴石麻粒岩)解释.拉萨地体东南部整体地壳成分特征应与多阶段长英质化有关,包括碰撞前大陆弧演化阶段(以堆晶或残余体下地壳拆沉为主)和碰撞后高原垮塌阶段(以加厚下地壳拆沉为主,伴随印度古老长英质陆壳物质的俯冲回返/构造底侵).拉萨地体是研究大陆地壳成分演化的绝佳区域,亟待进一步开展多学科综合研究.     

A New Method for Low‐Temperature Decomposition of Chromites and Dichromium Trioxide using Bromic Acid Evaluated by Chromium Isotope Measurements

In recent years, routine application of the stable isotope determination of chromium (Cr) in environmental and health protection research has led to the search for simpler chromite decomposition techniques. As the range of Cr isotope abundance ratios in nature is very narrow, conventional chromite decomposition techniques are no longer suitable, due to the relatively high risk of contamination during laboratory procedures. We have developed a protocol for the decomposition of chromites based on oxidation by bromic acid at room temperature. The procedure takes 15 d and requires two doses of bromic acid during the reaction period (day 1 and 8), due to the limited stability of the reagent. Chromium extracted by alkaline oxidative fusion and by bromic acid decomposition yielded statistically indistinguishable δ⁵³Cr values, measured by multi‐collector inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry following addition of a ⁵⁰Cr‐⁵⁴Cr double‐spike.     

Cryogenian magmatism and crustal reworking in the Southern Granulite Terrane,India

Understanding Neoproterozoic crustal evolution is fundamental to reconstructing the Gondwana supercontinent, which was assembled at this time. Here we report evidence of Cryogenian crustal reworking in the Madurai Block of the Southern Granulite Terrane of India. The study focuses on a garnet-bearing granite–charnockite suite, where the granite shows in situ dehydration into patches and veins of incipient charnockite along the contact with charnockite. The granite also carries dismembered layers of Mg–Al-rich granulite. Micro-textural evidence for dehydration of granite in the presence of CO₂-rich fluids includes the formation of orthopyroxene by the breakdown of biotite, neoblastic zircon growth in the dehydration zone, at around 870°C and 8 kbar. The zircon U–Pb ages suggest formation of the granite, charnockite, and incipient charnockite at 836 ± 73, 831 ± 31, and 772 ± 49 Ma, respectively. Negative zircon εHf (t) (?5 to ?20) values suggest that these rocks were derived from a reworked Palaeoproterozoic crustal source. Zircon grains in the Mg–Al-rich granulite record a spectrum of ages from ca. 2300 to ca. 500 Ma, suggesting multiple provenances ranging from Palaeoproterozoic to mid-Neoproterozoic, with neoblastic zircon growth during high-temperature metamorphism in the Cambrian. We propose that the garnet-bearing granite and charnockite reflect the crustal reworking of aluminous crustal material indicated by the presence of biotite + quartz + aluminosilicate inclusions in the garnet within the granite. This crustal source can be the Mg–Al-rich layers carried by the granite itself, which later experienced high-temperature regional metamorphism at ca. 550 Ma. Our model also envisages that the CO₂ which dehydrated the garnet-bearing granite generating incipient charnockite was sourced from the proximal massive charnockite through advection. These Cryogenian crustal reworking events are related to prolonged tectonic activities prior to the final assembly of the Gondwana supercontinent.     

秦岭晚中生代花岗岩时空分布、成因演变及构造意义

秦岭晚中生代花岗岩主要发育于秦岭北部的华北地块南缘和北秦岭,南秦岭仅有零星出露。本文报道了3个晚中生代大岩体的年代学和其中2个岩体的地球化学和同位素数据,并系统收集了发表的相关资料,对秦岭晚中生代花岗岩进行了初步总结。华北地块南缘蓝田花岗岩的锆石LA-ICPMS U-Pb年龄为133±1Ma, ε_Nd(t)=-11.8~-18.3, 锆石ε_Hf(t)=-37.7~-5.7。 北秦岭构造带中牧护关花岗岩的锆石LA-ICPMS U-Pb年龄为 150±1Ma, ε_Nd(t)=-7.6~-11.4, 锆石ε_Hf(t)=-7.3~-17.4;蟒岭花岗岩的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为149±2 Ma。 依据收集到的26个锆石U-Pb和3个黑云母Ar-Ar年代学资料, 秦岭晚中生代花岗岩浆的演化可分为2个阶段:第一阶段为160~130Ma(晚侏罗世-早白垩世), 以I-型花岗岩为主, 主要发育于华北地块南缘和北秦岭,在南秦岭仅零星分布;第二阶段为120~100Ma(早白垩世中晚期), 以I-A过渡型和A-型花岗岩为主,主要分布在华北地块南缘的东部和北秦岭,出露面积比第一阶段小。第一阶段(160~130Ma)花岗岩主要形成于古老地壳物质的部分熔融,并有年轻幔源组分的参与,形成于挤压向伸展转换的构造环境。第二阶段(120~100Ma)花岗岩的形成除了古老地壳物质的部分熔融外,有更多的年轻幔源组分加入,发育于陆内伸展环境。花岗岩的同位素特征显示,从华北地块南缘到南秦岭,底基物质中年轻组分有增加的趋势,花岗岩的物源受深部地壳物质组成特征的控制。     

豫西南高庄金矿床流体包裹体组合研究及其成矿流体特征

高庄金矿床形成于华北板块和扬子板块造山后的板内伸展环境,矿体是二郎坪群中充填于平行造山带走向的脆韧性剪切带中的石英-金多金属硫化物矿脉。本次运用"流体包裹体组合"(FIA)方法进行流体包裹体特征研究。研究表明,高庄金矿含矿石英中包裹体主要有CO_2-H_2O型三相包裹体、CO_2包裹体和水溶液包裹体3种类型,其中,CO_2-H_2O型三相包裹体为主体类型,完全均一温度变化范围为286~349℃,w(Na Cleq)为0.41%~4.14%,估算流体密度为0.788~0.874 g/cm3,成矿压力为130~160 MPa,成矿深度为4.8~5.9 km,成矿流体具有中温,富CO_2、低盐度的特征。在同一视域内可见CO2-H2O型三相包裹体和水溶液包裹体共存,均一方式各异,且均有相近的均一温度,指示存在流体不混溶作用。成矿流体中水的δDH_2O=-83.4‰~-76.3‰,δ18OH_2O=5.8‰~7.1‰,显示成矿流体来自于岩浆热液。结合区域构造背景,认为高庄金矿床为形成于华北板块与扬子板块碰撞造山作用后,板块内部构造变形过程中形成的中温岩浆热液型金矿。     

Short-lived radium isotopes in the Hawaiian margin: Evidence for large fluid fluxes through the Puna Ridge

We measured significant activities of short-lived radium isotopes, ²²³Ra (half-life = 11 days) and ²²⁴Ra (half-life = 3.7 days), around the margins of the Hawaiian Islands to water depths of 3500 m. These measurements suggest fluid inputs from the basalt to the surrounding ocean. In general ²²³Ra activities were considerably greater than ²²⁴Ra in spite of the expected higher production rate of ²²⁴Ra activity in basalt. The ²²³Ra was not supported by dissolved ²²⁷Ac. The highest enrichments of ²²³Ra were measured over the Puna Ridge (2100 m depth) east of Hawaii. Here ²²³Ra activities reached 19 dpm/m³, similar to activities measured near sites of active submarine groundwater discharge in the South Atlantic Bight. To explain the high activities of ²²³Ra unaccompanied by ²²⁴Ra, we postulate that thermally-driven circulation of seawater through the Puna Ridge deposits ²³¹Pa on basalt surfaces. With time the ²³¹Pa produces ²²⁷Ac and ²²³Ra; and ²²³Ra desorbs into the circulating fluids. These fluids then transport ²²³Ra into the overlying ocean. Based on the inventory of ²²³Ra above the Puna Ridge, we estimate the flow of fluids through the ridge to be on the order of 20–60 cm³ cm^− 2 day^− 1. In less than 1000 years the incoming seawater could provide enough ²³¹Pa to basalt surfaces to balance the inventory of ²²³Ra above the ridge if only 8% of the ²²³Ra was transported to the overlying water. These observations on the flanks of a volcanically-active ocean island have significant implications for quantifying fluid fluxes from the flanks of the mid-ocean ridge system. By mapping ²²³Ra inventories in the ocean above ridge flanks and measuring the activity of ²²³Ra in the emerging fluids, the fluid flux can be obtained.     

内蒙古林西地区上二叠统-中三叠统沉积序列的碎屑锆石记录及对古亚洲洋（东段）闭合时间的制约

晚二叠世-中三叠世在中亚造山带东段构造演化过程中是重要的转折期,它涉及古亚洲洋的最终闭合、沉积环境剧变等重大地质问题,而上二叠统林西组和中-下三叠统幸福之路组沉积序列记录了相应的构造演化过程。笔者对内蒙古东南部林西地区出露良好的林西组与幸福之路组,采取砂岩样品进行碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学和Lu-Hf同位素研究,解析年代学、沉积物源等信息。研究显示,被认为是三叠系标志层的陆相红色砂泥岩始现于晚二叠世。幸福之路组细砾岩样品最年轻碎屑锆石年龄为241Ma,从而将地层沉积时代上延至中三叠世后期。它与下伏林西组为整合接触关系,但在幸福之路组下部地层中发现微角度不整合,沉积时代存在间断(早、中三叠世之间)。林西组砂岩碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄组成分为4组:254~336Ma、372~528Ma、669~1000Ma和1300~2534Ma,εHf(t)值变化范围较大(-25.6~+17.2)。幸福之路组砂岩碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄集中于241~278Ma,εHf(t)值=+8.6~+16.5,其石炭纪和古元古代碎屑锆石少量。对比研究显示,林西组砂岩除兴蒙造山带物源外,还含有大量华北克拉通物源。与之相反,幸福之路组砂岩物源主要来自林西周边岩浆岩。结合区域地质特征,笔者认为古亚洲洋闭合于晚石炭世之前,晚古生代末是残余陆表浅海环境。内蒙古东南部地区在晚石炭世以来,表现为西伯利亚和华北克拉通联为一体后的陆内裂陷沉积活动及岩浆活动。     

Sources and transport of dissolved and particulate organic carbon in the Mississippi River estuary and adjacent coastal waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), stable carbon isotopic (δ¹³C) compositions of DOC and particulate organic carbon (POC), and elemental C/N ratios of POC were measured for samples collected from the lower Mississippi and Atchafalaya rivers and adjacent coastal waters in the northern Gulf of Mexico during the low flow season in June 2000 and high flow season in April 2001. These isotopic and C/N results combined with DOC measurements were used to assess the sources and transport of terrestrial organic matter from the Mississippi and Atchafalaya rivers to the coastal region in the northern Gulf of Mexico. δ¹³C values of both POC (−23.8‰ to −26.8‰) and DOC (−25.0‰ to −29.0‰) carried by the two rivers were more depleted than the values measured for the samples collected in the offshore waters. Strong seasonal variations in δ¹³C distributions were observed for both POC and DOC in the surface waters of the region. Fresh water discharge and horizontal mixing played important roles in the distribution and transport of terrestrial POC and DOC offshore. Our results indicate that both POC and DOC exhibited non-conservative behavior during the mixing especially in the mid-salinity range. Based on a simple two end-member mixing model, the comparison of the measured DOC-δ¹³C with the calculated conservative isotopic mixing curve indicated that there was a significant in situ production of marine-derived DOC in the mid- to high-salinity waters consistent with our in situ chlorophyll-a measurements. Our DOC-δ¹³C data suggest that a removal of terrestrial DOC mainly occurred in the high-salinity (>25) waters during the mixing. Our study indicates that the mid- to high- (10–30) salinity range was the most dynamic zone for organic carbon transport and cycling in the Mississippi River estuary. Variability in isotopic and elemental compositions along with variability in DOC and POC concentrations suggest that autochthonous production, bacterial utilization, and photo-oxidation could all play important roles in regulating and removing terrestrial DOC in the northern Gulf of Mexico and further study of these individual processes is warranted.