GOCE地球重力场模型在青藏地区的评价及分析

2009年GOCE卫星升空以后,卫星重力梯度数据参与解算的GOCE系列重力场模型已有多家研究机构相继公布。本文分别采用青藏地区的GPS/水准和重力异常实测数据对GOCE重力场模型进行了外部测试,并在重力异常验证过程中引入了一种新的滤波方法,验证结果表明在青藏地区GOCE重力场模型相比其它系列模型的优势在于中波段。同时,探讨了GOCE重力场模型与其他系列模型在青藏地区主要差异值的空间分布以及首次利用统计分析方法找出模型之间主要差异值的阶次分布,得出如下结论：模型之间的较大差异值在空间水平方向上主要分布在喜马拉雅山脉、天山等地形起伏较大的区域,在垂直方向上主要集中在岩石圈。     

Use of earth observation data for applications in public health

The Earth Observation (EO) data with their advantages in spectral, spatial and temporal resolutions have demonstrated their great value in providing information about many of the components that comprise environmental systems and ecosystems for decades that are crucial to the understating of public health issues. This literature review shows that in conjunction with in situ data collection, EO data have been used to observe, monitor, measure and model many environmental variables that are associated with disease vectors. Furthermore, satellite derived aerosol optical depth has been increasingly employed to estimate ground-level PM_2.5 concentrations, which have been found to associate with various health outcomes such as cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. It is suggested that Landsat-like imagery data may provide important data sources to analyse and understand contagious and infectious diseases at the local and regional scales, which are tied to urbanisation and associated impacts on the environment. There is also a great need of data products from coarse resolution imagery, such as those from moderate resolution imaging spectrometer, multiangle imaging spectroradiometer and geostationary operational environmental satellite , to model and characterise infectious diseases at the continental and global scales. The infectious diseases at greater geographical scales have become unprecedentedly significant as global climate change and the process of globalisation intensify. The relationship between infectious diseases and environmental characteristic have been explored by using statistical, geostatistical and physical models, with recent emphasis on the use of machine-learning techniques such as artificial neural networks. Lastly, we suggest that the planned HyspIRI mission is crucial for observing, measuring and modelling environmental variables impacting various diseases as it will improve both spectral resolution and revisit time, thus contributing to better prediction of occurrence of infectious diseases, target intervention and tracking of epidemic events.     

中国北方地区冬季雨雪年度变化与大气气溶胶分布特征研究

近年来,随着大气观测技术的快速发展,为冬季大雪年际变化研究提供了一些新的观测事实,增加了新的认识。认为大气环流对降雪的年际变化的影响只是重要方面之一。新的观测事实启示研究者,冬雪的年际变化和差异还可能与其他影响气候变化有更为复杂的因素——大气气溶胶特征有关。基于1980-2008年中国气象台站降水量资料和1980-2005年北方地区大气气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）资料,研究中国北方地区大范围多雨雪以及少雨雪年度变化与大气气溶胶分布特征的关系。结果表明：1980-2008年,中国北方地区典型的多雨雪年为1980、1984、1989、1993、1998、2003年和2006年;少雨雪年为1982-1983、1985-1988、1997、2001年和2005年。根据1980-2005年华北逐年冬半年雨雪总量与北方地区同期AOD相关分析,揭示中国北方地区雨雪年度变化与气溶胶光学厚度（AOD_550m）的年度变化存在正相关,相关系数达到0．001的显著性水平。同期资料AOD。。。分析表明,中国北方地区冬季多雨雪与少雨年大气气溶胶光学厚度差异显著,多雨雪年大气气溶胶光学厚度显著偏厚,中国华北北部、东北南部地区AOD正距平的平均值达到1×10。-5×10^-3,冬季北方地区少雨雪年与此差异显著,AOD为显著负距平,其平均值为-5×10^-3。     

半干旱地区卷云特征的激光雷达探测

利用兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站( SACOL) 2007年4～1 1月微脉冲激光雷达(MPL-4 B)观测资料,统计分析了卷云的高度、厚度及其变化特征.采用透过率方法计算了卷云光学厚度,得到了卷云光学厚度与卷云厚度和云底高度的相关关系.结果表明,SACOL卷云出现的平均海拔高度为10.16±1.32 km;卷云厚度...     

古龙断陷深层火山岩地震资料成像方法及应用研究

松辽盆地北部古龙断陷的地震地质条件复杂,三维地震资料品质较差,所以提高地震资料的信噪比和断陷期地层的成像精度是当前地震资料处理的研究重点.在提高地震资料信噪比方面,本文进行了十字交叉排列面波压制技术、压制规则干扰的减去法多次波压制技术和基于菲涅耳带原理的超面元技术的研究,这些技术的有效应用,对保护深层有效波的低频信号、...     

角度域弹性波Kirchhoff叠前深度偏移速度分析方法

为提高地震成像结果的准确性并真实反映实际地震波场在介质中的传播特性,应该充分利用多分量地震数据的矢量特征进行弹性波成像,其中,最为棘手的问题是纵横波偏移速度场的确定,为此,本文提出了直接利用多分量地震数据进行弹性波角度域偏移速度分析的方法.基于空移成像条件的弹性波Kirchhoff偏移方程提取了弹性波局部偏移距域共成像...     

河津地震序列的精定位研究

采用双差定位法,对2010年1月24日发生在山西河津与万荣交界的4.8级地震序列进行重新定位,结果显示,重新定位后,对于本次地震的发震构造,地震现场考察结果依据等震线图、余震分布特征,对震中区附近的主要活动断裂进行逐个排查分析,最终确定为NW向的西辛封断裂.     

不同水深条件下菹草(Potamogeton crispus)的适应对策

用盆栽试验方法,将菹草石芽种植在水下0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0m的花盆内,研究了水深梯度对菹草生长、繁殖和生物量分配的影响,得出在不同水深条件下,菹草的能量分配适应对策.结果表明:不同水深未影响菹草石芽的萌发,水深0.5 -4 m各实验组,菹草石芽的萌发率均达到70％以上,各实验组之...     

Synthesis of studies of palsa formation underlining the importance of local environmental and physical characteristics

This review presents a synthesis of four decades of palsa studies based on field experiments and observations mainly in Fennoscandia, as well as laboratory measurements. Palsas are peat-covered mounds with a permanently frozen core; in Finnish Lapland, they range from 0.5 to 7 m in height and from 2 to 150 m in diameter. These small landforms are characteristic of the southern margin of the discontinuous permafrost zone. Palsa formation requires certain environmental conditions: long-lasting air temperature below 0°C, thin snow cover, and low summer precipitation. The development and persistence of their frozen core is sensitive to the physical properties of peat. The thermal conductivity of wet and frozen peat is high, and it decreases significantly as the peat dries and thaws. This affects the development of the active layer and makes its response to climate change complex. The insulating properties of dry peat during hot and dry summers moderate the thawing of the active layer on palsas. In contrast, humid and wet weather during the summer causes deep thawing and may destroy the frozen core of palsas. Ice layers in palsas have previously been interpreted as ice segregation features but because peat is not frost-susceptible, the ice layers are now reinterpreted as resulting from ice growth at the base of a frozen core that is effectively floating in a mire.     

Facies characteristics and architecture related to palaeodepth of Holocene fjord–delta sediments

Lithofacies characteristics and depositional geometry of a sandy, prograding delta deposited as part of the Holocene valley‐fill stratigraphy in the Målselv valley, northern Norway, were examined using morpho‐sedimentary mapping, facies analysis of sediments in exposed sections, auger drilling and ground penetrating radar survey. Various lithofacies types record a broad range of depositional processes within an overall coarsening‐upward succession comprising a lowermost prodelta/bottomset unit, an intermediate delta slope/foreset unit containing steeply dipping clinoforms and an uppermost delta plain/topset unit. Bottomset lithofacies typically comprise sand‐silt couplets (tidal rhythmites), bioturbated sands and silts, and flaser and lenticular bedding. These sediments were deposited from suspension fall‐out, partly controlled by tidal currents and fluvial effluent processes. Delta foreset lithofacies comprise massive, inverse graded and normal graded beds deposited by gravity‐driven processes (mainly cohesionless debris flows and turbidity currents) and suspension fall‐out. In places, delta foreset beds show tidal rhythmicity and individual beds can be followed downslope into bottomset beds. Delta plain facies show an upward‐fining succession with trough cross‐beds at the base, followed by planar, laminated and massive beds indicative of a bedload dominated river/distributary system. This study presents a model of deltaic development that can be described with reference to three styles within a continuum related primarily to water depth within a basin of variable geometry: (i) bypass; (ii) shoal‐water; and (iii) deep‐water deltas. Bypass and deep‐water deltas can be considered as end members, whereas shoal‐water deltas are an intermediate type. The bypass delta is characterized by rapid progradation and an absence of delta slope sediments and low basin floor aggradation due to low accommodation space. The shoal‐water delta is characterized by rapid progradation, a short delta slope dominated by gravity‐flow processes and a prodelta area characterized by rapid sea‐floor aggradation due to intense suspension fallout of sandy material. Using tidal rhythmites as time‐markers, a progradation rate of up to 11 m year^?1 has been recorded. The deep‐water delta is characterized by a relatively long delta slope dominated by gravity flows, moderate suspension fall‐out and slow sea‐floor aggradation in the prodelta area.