岩石圈的热-机械侵蚀和化学侵蚀与岩石圈减薄

岩石圈减薄及其对区域构造岩浆演化的控制是近十几年来深部研究中所取得的重要成果。我国华北地区岩石圈的厚度、物质组成和热状态在近４００Ｍａ来有过剧烈的变化;由古生代时大于２００ｋｍ的厚度和方辉橄榄岩为主的物质组成演化为现今１００ｋｍ左右的厚度和以二辉橄...     

缓冲层热—湿—力耦合作用研究简介

介绍了高放射性废物深地质处置库热－湿－力耦合作用，着重给出了国际高压实缓冲层热－湿－力耦合作用的研究进展，指出与高放射性废物处置库有关的热－湿－力耦合过程研究是核废物地质处置提出的新课题，涉及多学科，需广大有识之士共同合作研究。     

Spinel to garnet lherzolite transition in relation to high temperature palaeogeotherms,eastern Australia∗

Eastern Australian xenolith suites and lithospheric transition zones are re‐evaluated using new mineral analyses and thermo‐barometry. Some suites, including that defining the southeastern Australian geotherm, are not fully equilibrated. New pressure‐temperature estimates, based on experimental calibrations that allow for Cr and Ti in pyroxenes, differ from earlier results by up to 0.6 GPa and 250°C. The preferred Brey and Köhler 1990 thermo‐barometer indicates a shallower cooler garnet lherzolite transition under Mesozoic New South Wales (50 km depth at 980° C) than for Tertiary Tasmania (60 km depth at 1090°C).

Deviations between palaeogeotherms may reflect: (i) higher temperature gradients for Tasmania and New South Wales (by 100°C/0.1 GPa) related to abnormally hot mantle; (ii) higher temperature gradients linked to more voluminous magmatism, largely Cenozoic in age; and (iii) complex temperature perturbations linked to different levels of magmatic intrusion.

These deviations blur reconstructions of lithospheric assemblages, where temperature is determinable and pressure comes from an assumed geotherm. Potential errors in locating spinel lherzolite and crust‐mantle transition assemblages may reach 15 km in depth. The highest Tertiary geothermal gradients in Tasmania and northeastern New South Wales match those from regions of active lithospheric extension. The young southeastern Australian geotherm is decaying from a higher temperature equilibration, based on experimental work, and Mesozoic New South Wales geotherms trend towards the lower gradients of bounding cratons.     

Thermal effects of lateral supra‐permafrost water flow around a thermokarst lake on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

Both the inflow and outflow of supra‐permafrost water to lakes play important roles in the hydrologic process of thermokarst lakes. The accompanying thermal effects on the adjacent permafrost are required for assessing their influences on the development of thermokarst lakes. For these purposes, the lake water level, temperature dynamics, and supra‐permafrost water flow of a lake were monitored on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau. In addition, the spatial and temporal variation of the active layer thickness and permafrost distribution around the lake were investigated by combining ground penetrating radar, electrical resistivity tomography, and borehole temperature monitoring. The results revealed that the yearly unfrozen supra‐permafrost water flow around the lake lasted approximately 5 months. The temperature and water level measurements during this period indicate that the lake water was recharged by relatively colder supra‐permafrost water from the north‐western lakeshore and was discharged through the eastern lakeshore. This process, accompanied by heat exchange with the underlying permafrost, might cause a directional difference of the active layer thickness and permafrost characteristics around the lake. Specifically, the active layer thickness variation was minimal, and the ice‐rich permafrost was found adjacent to the lakeshore along the recharge groundwater pathways, whereas a deeper active layer and ice‐poor permafrost were observed close to the lakeshore from which the warm lake water was discharged. This study suggests that the lateral flow of warm lake water can be a major driver for the rapid expansion of thermokarst lakes and provides clues for evaluating the relationships between the thermokarst expansion process and climate warming.     

On some advanced thermo‐mechanical models for saturated clays

This paper aims to evaluate the performance of several recent constitutive models in simulating the thermo‐mechanical behaviour of saturated clays. A classic thermo‐mechanical test on natural Boom Clay, commonly used in constitutive modelling, was first clarified. Different methods commonly used to measure volumetric strain in drained heating tests were then discussed. Model evaluation was performed in terms of thermodynamic and elasto‐plastic requirements. The capability of the models to capture the observed behaviour was assessed on the basis of the experimental evidence. It was shown that all the models provide reasonable predictions of the thermo‐mechanical behaviour of saturated clays. However, each constitutive model has its own limitations or unclear points from the theoretical point of view. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

抗滑桩预加固边坡的能量分析方法

基于强度折减技术和岩土塑性极限分析理论,考虑抗滑桩预加固岩土边坡的加固效应,从功能平衡原理探讨了岩土边坡抗滑桩加固位置、桩长和多抗滑桩共同加固边坡的分析方法。假定机动容许的对数螺旋线速度机构,推导了抗滑桩预加固边坡稳定性安全系数的计算表达式。采用内点迭代方法对安全系数目标函数进行能量耗散最小化意义上的优化计算,算例对比验证了方法和程序的正确性。分析了单抗滑桩加固措施条件下的边坡局部稳定性特性,并由此推导了多抗滑桩加固边坡的稳定性分析算式。研究表明,抗滑桩设置位置改变对边坡安全系数、临界滑裂面位置和桩长均有显著影响,抗滑桩加固边坡的最优设置位置应位于边坡中下部区域     

弱垂直风切变下台前飑线不同发展阶段的热、动力特征分析

以2014年7月18日09号超强台风"威马逊"影响期间,发生在湘赣地区的一次台前飑线过程为例,讨论了在垂直风切变明显弱于中纬度飑线情况下台前飑线的生成与发展机制。研究表明:1)在飑线初生阶段,弱垂直风切变与较弱冷池相平衡使得飑线垂直发展,其前部上干冷下暖湿的不稳定环境条件是其发展加强的热力因素;台风倒槽右侧风向水平切变、飑线前侧的阵风锋是其发展的动力条件。2)在飑线成熟阶段,飑线后侧的地面冷池范围变大、强度变强,导致飑线前方的水汽及能量补给减弱;同时飑线后部中层干冷空气入侵加强,飑线上升气流向冷池方向倾斜,垂直抬升条件减弱,不利于台前飑线的发展维持。成熟阶段的这两个特点表明台前飑线由盛转衰。3)在飑线消散阶段,由于飑线远离台风,台风的影响减弱,导致台前飑线水汽和动力条件不足,从而消亡。     

A coupled chemo‐thermo‐hygro‐mechanical model of concrete at high temperature and failure analysis

A hierarchical mathematical model for analyses of coupled chemo‐thermo‐hygro‐mechanical behaviour in concretes at high temperature is presented. The concretes are modelled as unsaturated deforming reactive porous media filled with two immiscible pore fluids, i.e. the gas mixture and the liquid mixture, in immiscible–miscible levels. The thermo‐induced desalination process is particularly integrated into the model. The chemical effects of both the desalination and the dehydration processes on the material damage and the degradation of the material strength are taken into account. The mathematical model consists of a set of coupled, partial differential equations governing the mass balance of the dry air, the mass balance of the water species, the mass balance of the matrix components dissolved in the liquid phases, the enthalpy (energy) balance and momentum balance of the whole medium mixture. The governing equations, the state equations for the model and the constitutive laws used in the model are given. A mixed weak form for the finite element solution procedure is formulated for the numerical simulation of chemo‐thermo‐hygro‐mechanical behaviours. Special considerations are given to spatial discretization of hyperbolic equation with non‐self‐adjoint operator nature. Numerical results demonstrate the performance and the effectiveness of the proposed model and its numerical procedure in reproducing coupled chemo‐thermo‐hygro‐mechanical behaviour in concretes subjected to fire and thermal radiation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

沉积（火山）岩中铅锌矿化与金矿化的关系——兼论我国铅锌矿化集中区的金矿勘查

近年来,我国在铅锌矿区或外围发现了越来越多不同类型的金矿床,铅锌矿化与金矿化之间的相互关系及其勘查指示意义已引起了广泛的关注。沉积（火山）岩中的铅锌矿化基本可分三种类型,不同类型的铅锌矿化有不同的成矿环境,而金的成矿地质事件是在特定地区与特定的热—构造事件相互耦合的。研究发现,只有在经历了后期强烈的热—构造事件的Sedex型或VMS型铅锌矿区才具备形成金矿化的条件,是金矿勘查的有利地区;MVT型和后期缺乏热—构造事件的Sedex型或VMS型铅锌矿区不具备形成金矿化的条件,是金矿勘查的不利地区。