宁波市气候变化对水资源的影响

通过对宁波市水资源有关参数的计算，了解宁波水资源状况，根据工农业和生活用水，经济发展规划对水资源的需求，分析了宁波市气候和气候变化对水资源的影响，为更好地促进水资源向可利用水资源的转化，利用和开发好水资源提出了建议。     

A FRAMEWORK FOR AUTOMATED CHANGE DETECTION SYSTEM

1Ｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｃｈａｎｇｅｄｅｔｅｃｔｉｏｎｔｅｃｈ ｎｉｑｕｅｓＡｕｔｏｍａｔｉｃｃｈａｎｇｅｄｅｔｅｃｔｉｏｎｉｎｉｍａｇｅｓｏｆａｇｉｖｅｎｓｃｅｎｅａｃｑｕｉｒｅｄａｔｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｔｉｍｅｓｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｉｎｇｔｏｐｉｃｓｏｆｉｍａｇｅｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｇ .Ｉｔｆｉｎｄｓｉｍ ｐｏｒｔａｎｔａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓｗｉｔｈｉｎｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｃｏｎｔｅｘｔｓ,ｒａｎｇ ｉｎｇｆｒｏｍｖｉｓｕａｌｓｕｒｖｅｉｌｌａｎｃｅａｎｄｖｉｄｅｏｃｏｄｉｎｇｔｏｔ…     

2000年我国天气气候特点

2000年我国主要天气气候特点为：全国大部地区降水偏少或接近常年，出现全国性干旱，特别是北方地区春夏季遭遇多年来罕见的特大干旱，汛期未发生大范围的暴雨洪涝灾害，秋季黄淮以南地区出现持续连阴雨天气，全国大部分气温接近常年成偏高，持续暖冬态势发生转折，夏季高温酷热，春季北方扬沙和沙尘暴天气异常频繁，登陆我国台风个数偏少，风雹等强对流天气明显偏少。     

桂林冷冬和暖冬的环流特征分析

采用计算距平积温的方法 ,对桂林 195 7- 1999年冬季各月的旬平均气温进行统计 ,确定冷、暖冬年的标准 ,找出 7个暖冬年 ,9个冷冬年 ,并对这些年冬季的环流特征进行对比分析 ,找出造成桂林冷冬或暖冬的主要环流特征     

广西两系杂交稻制种安全期气候分析

根据两系杂交水稻制种对气象条件的要求 ,利用广西 80多站的气象资料 ,统计分析了广西各地两系杂交水稻制种的安全期 ,提出了广西杂交水稻安全制种应注意的一些气候问题     

青藏高原积雪异常与贵州东、西部旱、寒灾害关系的初步分析

利用 195 8— 1992年的有关资料 ,对青藏高原冬、春季积雪异常与贵州春、夏季不同区域干旱和低温灾害的强弱关系进行了统计分析。结果发现 :青藏高原冬、春季积雪异常与贵州春、夏季不同区域干旱和低温灾害的强弱间存在明显的相关关系 ,高原异常多雪年贵州西部 4月春旱偏重 ;东部夏旱偏重 ,春季低温灾害偏轻。反之 ,高原异常少雪年贵州西部春旱和东部夏旱都偏轻 ,春季低温灾害偏重。     

The Tallinn Temperature Series Reconstructed Back Half a Millennium by Use of Proxy Data

In order to extend the Tallinn temperature series backward in time, three different climate proxies were used. These were: the first day of ice break-up in Tallinn port, a proxy for the mean winter air temperature (December to March); the first day of ice break-up on the rivers in northern Estonia, a proxy for the beginning of spring; and, the first day of the rye harvest, a proxy for the mean air temperature in spring and summer (April to July). On the basis of these proxies the mean winter temperature could be extended back to the year AD 1500, and the spring and summer temperature back to 1731. The series of winter temperatures was analysed for long-term trends and variations on different timescales. The most striking feature is the warming of the winters from about the mid nineteenth century to the present. The warming is especially noticeable over the latest decades. The climate from the start of the series (AD 1500) to the mid nineteenth century was in general somewhat colder, and should be recognised as a part of the Little Ice Age, though the period was intercepted by warmer winters in the first half of the eighteenth century.     

Estimation Of Sensible Heat Flux From The Surface Temperature Wave And One-Time-Of-Day Air Temperature Observation, Part Ii – Heterogeneous Surfaces

By means of the algorithm presented in Part I of this study, the temporal course H(t) and the daily mean H of the sensible heat flux H can be determined from measurements of the thermodynamic surface temperature (as a function of time) and from a one-time-of-day air temperature observation. Inaddition to these temperatures, one needs estimates of daily mean wind speed,of the roughness lengths of momentum and heat transfer, and of the displacementheight. In Part I, the algorithm was derived for areas with homogeneous surfaces,i.e., with uniform surface temperature, and the method was verified with measurements taken during several field campaigns. The root mean square error for the temperature difference between surface and air, in the comparison between measurement and model, amounted to one or two kelvin, and the error of H was 10 to 25 per cent. The method can be used to determine the sensible heat flux from measurements of surface temperatures by satellites, but can also be applied to ground based measurements.In Part II, the procedure is generalized for areas that consist of various surface types (sub-regions) with different surface temperatures, and can be usedwhen only a few (at least one) air temperature measurements per day are available over only one of the different sub-regions. This generalization should allow improvements to the estimates for H(t) by means of temperature measurements from, e.g., NOAA/AVHRR or LANDSAT/TM, taking into account the heterogeneity of the area contained in one METEOSAT pixel. Criteria are given as to whether effective (areal mean) surface temperatures and roughness lengths may be used for the computation of H or if the above mentioned generalized procedure has to be applied. The new algorithm is verified by measurements sampled during the field campaigns EFEDA 91 (Spain) and HIBE 89 (Hildesheimer Börde in Germany), and by using synthetic data (due to the lack of measured data) for one further combined surfacetype [soil and water (lakes)].     

利用任意时刻AVHRR资料近似估计区域地表温度日较差的试验

根据表征土壤温度日变化的土温方程一阶近似解，提出一种利用一日中任意时刻NOAA－AVHRR图像数据估计地表温度日较差的简易推算方法。该方法尤其可用于反演土壤含水量的计算，当图像数据的时次与热惯量法所要求的最高、最低温度时次配不准的情况下，近似地估计地表温度日较差，进而计算地表热惯量及相应的土壤含水量。用实例验证了该方法的可行性，为进一步推广应用奠定基础。     

印度洋偶极子对大气环流和气候的影响

赤道印度洋SST的分析研究证实了偶极子型振荡的存在，它在9-11月较强而在1-4月较弱。若以海温西高东低为偶极子振荡正位相，以海温东高西低为负位相，则一般是正位相时振荡要强于负位相。印度洋偶极子也存在年际（主要周期为4－5年）和年代际（主要周期为25-30年）变化。分析研究表明，印度洋偶极子对亚洲季风活动有明显影响，因为亚洲地区对流层低层的风场，南亚高压和西太平洋副高强度都与印度洋偶极子有关。另外，印度洋偶极子还对北美和南印度洋（包括澳大利亚和南美）地区的大气环流和气流有影响。