2000年秋季东沙冷涡的三维结构及其演化过程*

根据AVISO(Archiving Validation and Interpolation of Satellite Oceanographic Data)高度计资料,用区域海洋模式(ROMS)再现和分析了2000年9月4日—10月11日生命周期为36天的一个东沙冷涡过程。该冷涡的平均半径为77km,移动路程为487km。模式结果表明,该冷涡的平均移动速度为15cm·s?1,冷涡的移动方向几乎沿着1000—2000m陆坡等深线,除了地形的影响外,东北季风也对该冷涡移动方向的转换有作用。冷涡的形变与β效应有密切的关系,趋势是导致其形状为长轴位于东北-西南方向的椭圆。其次,对该冷涡的半径、涡度、能量密度、形变和散度等进行时间序列计算分析,得到其平均涡度为3.997×10?6s?1,平均能量密度为2.42×10?2cm2·s?2·km?2,涡度与半径具有近似正相关关系,而平均能量密度与半径呈负相关关系;平均的剪切形变、拉伸形变和散度的平均值分别为1.801×10?6s?1、4.612×10?7s?1、3.269×10?8s?1。数值结果表明,在这次东沙冷涡过程中,整个生命周期共出现过两种不同的三维结构,在生成阶段涡旋形状为表层和底部小、中间大的腰鼓状;成熟期为表层大、底部小的碗状;消亡阶段只能在表层看到信号。该东沙冷涡的深度在不同的生存阶段也不同,大部分时刻小于50m水深,但最深可达到水深450m处。最后,文中给出了速度、温度和盐度的垂向分布情况。其中,东沙冷涡的切向速度在40—50cm·s?1间,高值区位于水深小于100m处,在100—200m速度递减率较大;温度分布具有一个位于60—100m水深处的低温拱起结构,该冷涡造成了10—20m左右的等温线抬升;高盐核心的拱起结构比低温拱起结构更深,大致位于100—150m,高盐核心区盐度≥34.6‰。     

PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS ON THE INTENSITY AND STRUCTURE OF TYPHOON MORAKOT (2009) DURING ITS LANDING PROCESS

NCEP GFS(Global Forecast System)analytical data(available 4 times per day),satellite cloud image data and real-time observations of path and intensity of Typhoon Morakot are employed to investigate the variation of synoptic dynamics in its intensity and structure before and after the landing.This study intends to offer some hints for the forecast of intensity and structure of typhoons.Results show that in the tangential direction,the averaged asymmetry amplitude of wind on the radius of a large-value center of the low-level wind can be used as an important parameter for diagnosing the intensity of typhoons.Besides,the maximum of the upper dry potential vorticity in Morakot’s center tends to extend downward along the intensive gradient of tangential wind situated on the inner side of a large-value center of the low-level tangential wind.Additionally,the radial advection of the tangential wind determines the variation of tangential wind in conjunction with the vertical transmission of the tangential wind,the inertial centrifugal force and the Coriolis force.These four items are dominant in the motion equation of tangential wind based on a cylindrical coordinate without the effects of friction and turbulence.Moreover,the low-level convergence center of the typhoon has a tendency of shifting and developing along the intensive gradient of the tangential wind in the tangential direction.     

CHIMEHERB人工皮治疗烧伤临床总结

用青岛海洋大学生物材料研究所研制、海威生物材料有限公司生产的CHIMEHERB人工皮治疗烧伤50例.其中用于切、削痂创面10例,Ⅲ°创面20例,肉芽创面12例,供皮区创面3例.削痂创面一次覆盖面积最大23％,切痂创面13％.人工皮下可移植点状小皮片,亦可移植微粒皮,是一种较好的覆盖创面的生物材料.治疗浅Ⅱ°烧伤可使创面愈合时间提前2～4d(天);用于深Ⅱ°创面愈合时间为19～21d.人工皮治疗Ⅱ°创面,最大贴敷面积为60％.它对烧伤肉芽创面有促进周围上皮生长加速创面愈合的作用.     

应用CHIMEHERB人工皮覆盖网状植皮创面

应用CHIMEHERB人工皮覆盖烧伤切(削)痂后自体网状植皮创面30例、44个创面,每例平均应用体表面积为5.22％,网状皮扩展比例为1:3.结果有明显积液者5个创面(11.36);感染3个创面(6.82％);需要补植皮创面4个(9.1％).人工皮具有良好的透气性和透湿性,可给创面造成无菌的内环境,未观察到过敏反应和排异现象,贮藏不需特殊设备,使用方便,具有人工皮所要求的基本特性,作为自体网状植皮表层覆盖物,可取得良好效果,值得临床推广应用.     

Dispersion of marked fluid in reservoirs

The paper gives relationships for predicting reservoir circulation generated by radial and tangential jets. These relationships show the importance of the reservoir's aspect-ratio, and the Reynolds number of the jet.Details are also given of concentration-experiments using the conductivity and fluorimetric methods, and incorporating various inlet and outlet arrangements. Peripheral and radial dispersion-coefficients were obtained, and found to be of the same order of magnitude. These coefficients were dependent on the size of the model and on the local Reynolds numbers. The values of dispersion coefficients for reservoirs are similar to those for one-dimensional open channel flow.     

Vertical velocity of mantle flow of East Asia and adjacent areas

Based on the high-resolution body wave tomographic image and relevant geophysical data, we calculated the form and the vertical and tangential velocities of mantle flow. We obtained the pattern of mantle convection for East Asia and the West Pacific. Some important results and understandings are gained from the images of the vertical velocity of mantle flow for East Asia and the West Pacific. There is an upwelling plume beneath East Asia and West Pacific, which is the earth’s deep origin for the huge rift valley there. We have especially outlined the tectonic features of the South China Sea, which is of the “工” type in the upper mantle shield type in the middle and divergent in the lower; the Siberian clod downwelling dives from the surface to near Core and mantle bounary (CMB), which is convergent in the upper mantle and divergent in the lower mantle; the Tethyan subduction region, centered in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau, is visible from 300 to 2 000 km, which is also convergent in the upper mantle and divergent in the lower mantle. The three regions of mantle convection beneath East Asia and the West Pacific are in accordance with the West Pacific, Ancient Asia and the Tethyan structure regions. The mantle upwelling originates from the core-mantle boundary and mostly occurs in the middle mantle and the lower part of the upper mantle. The velocities of the vertical mantle flow are about 1–4 cm per year and the tangential velocities are 1–10 cm per year. The mantle flow has an effect on controlling the movement of plates and the distributions of ocean ridges, subduction zones and collision zones. The mantle upwelling regions are clearly related with the locations of hotspots on the earth’s surface. Translated from Geology in China, 2006, 33(4): 896–905 [译自: 中国地质]     

东亚地幔流动速度研究

用高分辨率地震体波速度成像以及相关的地球物理资料,计算地幔垂直和切向流动形式及流动速度,得到东亚及西太平洋大体分为3个区域物质流动大致方式:东亚边缘裂谷系和西太平洋边缘海为下部会聚上部扩散的地幔上升流,尤其对于南海来说,大致勾勒出南海地区构造特征——从上到下的大体结构可能是上部呈“工”字型结构、中间为圆柱型、底部呈发散形的地幔上升流;西伯利亚地幔物质上部会聚下部扩散的“人”字型下降流;青藏高原—缅甸—印度尼西亚特提斯俯冲带上部会聚下部扩散的“人”字型地幔下降流。东亚西太平洋分为3个区域地幔对流与地表的西太平洋构造域、古亚洲构造域和特提斯构造域相吻合。东亚中部的物质在地幔深部无明显流动趋势。地幔上升流起源于核幔边界,主要表现在下地幔和上地幔下部,到上地幔顶部和地表与现代热点位置符合。地幔垂直流动速度每年1～4cm,切向速度为每年1～10cm。     

地形对涡量传播和台风切向风速变化的参数敏感性

设计了一个高分辨率的浅水模式，以研究地形参数和纬向基流在涡旋Rossby波传播和台风切向风速变化中的作用。结果表明，无纬向基流条件下，岛屿地形的水平尺度对涡旋Rossby波传播的影响表现在：随地形水平方向尺度的增大，扰动涡度场环绕地形顺时针方向旋转的趋势增强，局域风速增幅减小，增强了平均风速的减弱。纬向东风基流条件下，热带气旋的局域风速及其平均切向风速的演变受台风与地形间距的改变以及地形作用时间长短的影响：当台风逐渐靠近地形时，局域风速增幅增强，平均风速逐渐减小；当台风逐渐远离地形时，出现相反的变化。     

IMPROVED SCHEME OF AXISYMMETRIC TYPHOON BOGUS MODEL AND ITS IMPACT ON NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TYPHOON NOCKTEN （NO.0405）

There is distinct difference in the tangential wind profile between different typhoons in the western North Pacific. At present, only two parameters, maximum wind and radius of maximum wind, are used in NCAR-AFWA bogus for MM5 mesoscale numerical model. As a result, sometimes the outer structure of typhoon cannot be described accurately. The tangential wind profile of NCAR-AFWA bogus is improved by introducing radii of 25.7 m/s and 15.4 m/s, and then the track and intensity of Typhoon Nockten (No.0425) are simulated. The results show that the simulations of track and intensity of typhoon both have been improved by simultaneously introducing the radii in the tangential wind profile of typhoon bogus. At the same time, there is improvement in the gale wind range of the typhoon simulated.     

THE TOPOGRAPHIC PARAMETER SENSITIVITY TO VORTICITY PROPAGATION AND TYPHOON TANGENTIAL VELOCITY CHANGES

1 INTRODUCTION Being one of the important factors that govern the track and intensity change of the tropical cyclone (TC) [1, 2], topographic features are closely related with topographic parameters and the speed of latitudinal flows. As shown in a statistical study by Brand et al., with its passage through the islands of the Philippines, the TC begins to decrease the mean maximum surface wind speed from 47 m/s to 45 m/s 4 hours before reaching the Philippines. They also find that when …