Projection of the Future Changes in Tropical Cyclone Activity Affecting East Asia over the Western North Pacific Based on Multi-RegCM4 Simulations

Future changes in tropical cyclone(TC)activity over the western North Pacific(WNP)under the representative concentration pathway RCP4.5 are investigated based on a set of 21 st century climate change simulations over East Asia with the regional climate model RegCM4 driven by five global models.The RegCM4 reproduces the major features of the observed TC activity over the region in the present-day period of 1986-2005,although with the underestimation of the number of TC genesis and intensity.A low number of TCs making landfall over China is also simulated.By the end of the 21st century(2079-98),the annual mean frequency of TC genesis and occurrence is projected to increase over the WNP by16%and 10%,respectively.The increase in frequency of TC occurrence is in good agreement among the simulations,with the largest increase over the ocean surrounding Taiwan Island and to the south of Japan.The TCs tend to be stronger in the future compared to the present-day period of 1986-2005,with a large increase in the frequency of strong TCs.In addition,more TCs landings are projected over most of the China coast,with an increase of~18%over the whole Chinese territory.     

Evaluation of rock excavatability and slope stability along a segment of motorway,Pozanti, Turkey

The Çiftehan-Pozant segment of the Ankara-Pozant motorway is problematic due to the existence of lithological units with variable character. Seven cut slopes are planned along Km 358+000– Km 364+350 of the proposed motorway. The purpose of this study is to determine engineering geological properties of the rocks exposed along the motorway and to assess the excavatability and stability of the cut slopes. Both field and laboratory studies were carried out during this study. Field studies involved geological mapping, detailed discontinuity surveying and sampling. Laboratory tests were carried out to determine unit weight, point load strength index and shear strength parameters of the discontinuities. In the study area, recrystallized limestone, microgabbro, conglomerate and Quaternary deposits are exposed. However, the cut slopes are located within microgabbro and conglomerate. Hard to very hard ripping with local blasting for the fresh inner part of the rocks is recommended for the excavatability. In two cut slopes wedge failure is expected, whereas in another two slopes both wedge and toppling failures are likely to occur. Based on the field observations and stability analyses of the cut slopes, slope flattening with various angles, wire mesh, and drainage ditches are proposed.     

Equation of state,structural behaviour and phase diagram of synthetic MgFe<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript>, as a function of pressure and temperature

The behaviour of synthetic Mg-ferrite (MgFe₂O₄) has been investigated at high pressure (in situ high-pressure synchrotron radiation powder diffraction at ESRF) and at high temperature (in situ high-temperature X-ray powder diffraction) conditions. The elastic properties determined by the third-order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state result in K₀=181.5(± 1.3) GPa, K=6.32(± 0.14) and K= –0.0638 GPa^–1. The symmetry-independent coordinate of oxygen does not show significant sensitivity to pressure, and the structure shrinking is mainly attributable to the shortening of the cell edge (homogeneous strain). The lattice parameter thermal expansion is described by _a0+_a1*(T–298)+_a2/(T–298)², where _a0=9.1(1) 10^–6 K^–1, _a1=4.9(2) 10^–9 K^–2 and _a2= 5.1(5) 10^–2 K. The high-temperature cation-ordering reaction which MgFe-spinel undergoes has been interpreted by the ONeill model, whose parameters are = 22.2(± 1.8) kJ mol^–1 and =–17.6(± 1.2) kJ mol^–1. The elastic and thermal properties measured have then been used to model the phase diagram of MgFe₂O₄, which shows that the high-pressure transition from spinel to orthorombic CaMn₂O₄-like structure at T < 1700 K is preceded by a decomposition into MgO and Fe₂O₃.     

Diagenesis and incipient metamorphism in the western fold-and-thrust belt,SW Urals,Russia

In the western fold-and-thrust belt of the southern Urals, the Kübler and Árkai indices determined on shales, slates and phyllites record an increase from lower late diagenetic to epizonal grade from west to east. The metamorphic grade varies strongly within the different tectonic segments, which are separated by major thrusts. The increase of diagenetic and incipient metamorphic grade from the footwall to the hanging wall of all major Upper Palaeozoic thrusts indicates a pre-Permo/Triassic origin. West of the Avzyan thrust zone, the diagenetic to incipient metamorphic grade is related to the Palaeozoic basin development and reached the final grades in Late Carboniferous to Early Permian times. East of the first Avzyan thrust in the Yamantau anticlinorium, the diagenetic to lower greenschist metamorphic grade is possibly of Neoproterozoic origin and might be related to the development of the Neoproterozoic basin at the eastern margin of the East European Craton. The eastern part of the Yamantau anticlinorium was exhumed below 200 °C in the Late Carboniferous or Early Permian. The diagenetic grade of the autochthonous Palaeozoic sedimentary units increases toward the stack of Palaeozoic nappes and might partly be caused by the deformational process due to the emplacement of the Palaeozoic nappes. Within the Timirovo thrust sheet, the decrease of metamorphic grade with stratigraphic age developed prior to the emplacement of the nappes. The upper anchizonal metamorphic grade of the Upper Devonian slates of the Zilair nappe results from the deformation process related to the Lower Carboniferous nappe emplacement.     

Weathering, atmospheric deposition and vegetation uptake: role for ecosystem sensitivity to acid deposition and critical load

Critical loads of acidity represent the maximum acceptable atmospheric deposition for an ecosystem type. Two hundred and forty-one ecosystem types have been defined in France using pedologic, geologic and vegetation data. Weathering rate plays the most important part in soil buffering capacity, but for poor weatherable soils, non-marine atmospheric deposition represents up to 80% of base-cation inputs. Base-cation vegetation uptake decreases significantly the buffering capacity in case of high-productivity forests. Ecosystems combining low weathering rate and low non-marine base-cation deposition with high biomass productivity are the most sensitive to acidification. To cite this article: D. Moncoulon et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004).

Résumé

Les charges critiques d'acidité représentent le dépôt atmosphérique maximal admissible pour un écosystème. Deux cent quarante et un types d'écosystèmes ont été définis en France à partir de données pédologiques, géologiques et de végétation. L'altération joue un rôle prépondérant contre l'acidification, mais pour les sols faiblement altérables, les dépôts atmosphériques non marins peuvent représenter jusqu'à 80 % des apports de cations basiques. Le prélèvement de cations par la végétation contribue significativement à diminuer le pouvoir tampon des sols pour les forêts à forte productivité. Les écosystèmes combinant faible altération et faibles dépôts de cations non marins ainsi qu'une forte productivité sont les plus sensibles à l'acidification. Pour citer cet article : D. Moncoulon et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004).     

五种水产药物对扁藻生长影响的研究

本文研究了5种水产药物对扁藻种群生长的影响.结果表明,硫酸铜、高锰酸钾、孔雀石绿、敌百虫和甲醛对扁藻96h的EC50依次为61.16、49.22、72.97μg/dm3和7.58、0.70mg/dm3.硫酸铜、高锰酸钾、孔雀石绿、敌百虫和甲醛对扁藻生长的安全浓度分别是18.12、12.14、23.26μg/dm3和2.25、0.24mg/dm3.结果还表明,这5种常用水产药物中,以高锰酸钾对扁藻生长的抑制作用最大,敌百虫对扁藻生长的抑制作用最小.     

中国对虾素在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)中的重组表达

中国对虾素是从中国对虾血细胞中克隆得到的一种抗菌肽。为了进一步研究中国对虾素(CHP)的功能并为制备特异性抗体作准备，采用大肠杆菌表达外源蛋白的方法，进行了对虾素原核表达的研究。根据从中国对虾血细胞中克隆得到的对虾素基因设计特异性引物扩增中国对虾素成熟肽基因(CHP)，插入原核表达载体pGEX-4T-1中，在E．coli BL21表达融合蛋白GST-CHP．结果表明，不同表达菌株的融合蛋白表达量为30％—34％，同一菌株在诱导5h后能达到最高表达量。利用GST亲和层析纯化融合蛋白，将融合蛋白用凝血酶裂解以得到CHP，其分子量约为5．6kDa，N-端测序结果与期望的成熟对虾肽序列一致。用液体生长抑制方法检测活性，表明重组GST-CHP蛋白及CHP均表现出对大肠杆菌的抑菌活性。     

An aromatase inhibitor and tamoxifen decrease plasma levels of o,p-DDT and its metabolites in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The objective of this study was to determine if tamoxifen or an aromatase inhibitor (4-hydroxyandrostenedione; 4-OHA) affected plasma concentrations of o,p^′-DDT and its metabolites, o,p^′-DDD and o,p^′-DDE, in mature tilapia. Male and female tilapia were injected 6 times intraperitoneally with o,p^′-DDT (40 mg/kg) alone or in combination with 4-OHA (2 mg/kg) over a 12 day period. An additional group of male fish was injected with tamoxifen (5 mg/kg) plus o,p^′-DDT. At the end of the treatment period, plasma samples were extracted and analyzed by GC/ECD. Females injected only with o,p^′-DDT had significantly higher levels of o,p^′-DDT compared with males. Interestingly, females and males treated concomitantly with o,p^′-DDT and 4-OHA or tamoxifen had significantly lower concentrations of plasma o,p^′-DDT (about 50%) compared with fish treated with only o,p^′-DDT. These initial results suggest that an interaction between endocrine-active compounds occurs in vivo in tilapia and may involve alterations in metabolism of o,p^′-DDT.