机载LiDAR系统及其在水利中的应用

机载LiDAR系统是一种主动式的对地观测系统,主要由中心控制单元、POS系统、激光扫描测距系统和数码相机组成。可以精确、快速地获取地面3维数据以及与其匹配的影像数据,从而生成高精度的4D产品。文中论述了LiDAR工作原理,介绍了机载LiDAR系统的组成,LiDAR数据的处理流程。最后,探讨了机载LiDAR系统在水利行业中的应用。     

四川盆地东北部上三叠统须家河组四段物源分析

四川盆地东北部地区上三叠统须家河组须四段是油气勘探的重点层段,该地区的沉积受到多物源的影响.通过对研究区重矿物、碎屑组分、岩屑成分和古水流方向的分析,最终确定了研究区须四段的物源来自龙门山、大巴山和米仓山3个方向.其中,元坝西部地区物源来自于龙门山褶皱带方向;元坝东部地区物源来自大巴山褶皱带东南部方向;元坝中部部分地区表现为龙门山和大巴山的混合堆积;通南巴西部地区物源来自米仓山褶皱带方向,通南巴东部物源表现为大巴山和米仓山的混合堆积.     

四分量钻孔应变观测的实地相对标定

提出钻孔应变观测的实地标定问题有相对标定和绝对标定两层涵义;讨论了四分量钻孔应变观测的相对标定的归一化新方法：将前人标定应力观测的方法用于应变观测。一方面大大简化了计算公式,另一方面提出轮流以每个元件为标准计算灵敏度而后取平均值的方法。在统计上更为合理;并以昌平台RZB-1型钻孔应变观测为例进行实际应用,取得了令人满意的结果。     

EH4连续电导率测量在宝兴厂矿区的应用

宝兴厂矿区是一个与喜马拉雅期富碱斑岩有关的多金属成矿集中区,具有斑岩型矿床特征,岩体与围岩接触带、近东西向构造裂隙带是主要控矿构造,奥陶系地层与斑岩体具有明显的物性差异,利用EH4连续电导率物探测量能够较好地反映出隐伏的斑岩体与围岩接触带部位.对该区深部地质找矿具有指导作用.     

龙门山陆内复合造山带的四维结构构造特征

位于扬子陆块和松潘陆块过渡带上的龙门山造山带,是在印支期中国大陆主体拼合和秦岭造山带形成过程中开始发育、燕山期陆内构造活动中继承发展、喜马拉雅期印-亚碰撞和青藏高原隆升过程中遭受改造并定型的。现今构造面貌是扬子陆块向北漂移过程中产生的北西向推挤力、源自秦岭造山带的南北向推挤力和源自青藏高原的东西向推挤力三者联合作用的结果,因此是一个典型的陆内复合造山带。其陆内复合结构构造特征具有下列特点。 1）倾向上,龙门山造山带由茂县-汶川断裂、北川-映秀断裂、安县-灌县断裂和广元-大邑（隐伏）断裂4条主干断裂分隔显示出明显的分带变形特征,由北西向南东具有层次渐浅、强度递减、卷入层位变新的趋势,总体上呈前展式扩展。 2）走向上,龙门山造山带呈现北、中、南段三分格局,它们在基底性质及展布、地层发育及演化历史、变形特征、沉降与隆升特征、活动构造等多个方面具有差异。 3）垂向上,龙门山造山带发育多层次滑脱构造,最重要的滑脱界面是15～20 km深处的低速层和中下三叠统富膏盐岩层,由此控制了深浅构造不一致的变形幅度和变形样式。 4）时间演化上,龙门山造山带表现出倾向上的前展式扩展和走向上的分段式递进性或序次性演化的趋势：印支期,龙门山中北段活动较强,由北东向南西逐渐扩展,主要为挤压逆冲和左旋走滑作用; 燕山期,构造活动总体上趋于相对平静,具有南北分段、由北东向南西迁移的特征; 喜马拉雅山期,龙门山中南段活动较强,由南西向北东逐渐扩展和递进,主要为挤压逆冲、隆升和右旋走滑作用。     

Photoluminescence properties of thenardite from Ai-Ding Salt Lake,Xinjiang, China

The photoluminescence (PL) spectra, excitation spectra, and PL decay curves of natural, heat-treated, and γ-ray-irradiated thenardites from Ai-Ding Salt Lake, Xinjiang, China, were studied. The natural thenardite under 300 nm excitation showed milk-white luminescence, and the PL spectrum consisted of an extremely broad band with a peak located at approximately 509 nm, spreading over a wide range of UV and visible wavelengths. The excitation spectra, obtained by monitoring the luminescence at 530 nm, consisted of a broad band with a peak located at approximately 235 nm and a flat band spreading over a wide range of UV and visible wavelengths. The PL decay curve of natural thenardite consisted of a fast-decay component with a lifetime of less than 0.1 μs and a slow-decay component with a half-decay time of approximately 0.4 s. The heat treatment of thenardite at 900°C for 20 min reduced the luminescence efficiency to 1/100. The γ-ray irradiation of thenardite reduced the luminescence efficiency to approximately half.     

The thermal behaviour of γ-CaSO<Subscript>4</Subscript>

Thermal behaviour of γ-anhydrite (γ-CaSO₄, soluble anhydrite) has been investigated in situ real-time using laboratory parallel-beam X-ray powder diffraction data. Thermal expansion has been analysed from 303 to 569 K with temperature steps of 4 K. Lattice parameters and volume were fitted with a second-order polynomial to calculate thermal expansion coefficients. Thermal expansion of γ-anhydrite is anisotropic being larger along the c axis. Within the 343–383 K thermal range, γ-anhydrite has been found to partially re-hydrate to bassanite CaSO₄·0.5H₂O. At 455 K the transformation γ-CaSO₄ → β-CaSO₄, insoluble anhydrite, starts reaching completion at 653 K.     

乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川积累区气溶胶和表层雪中SO2-4的季节变化及成因分析

2003年12月至2004年12月,在天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川(以下简称1号冰川)积累区海拔4 130 m处共采集了53个气溶胶和55个表层雪样品.结果表明:气溶胶和表层雪中的SO2-4在年内的浓度变化形式大致相同,均有两个高值区出现,分别出现在春末和夏末秋初,表明年内表层雪中SO2-4浓度变化基本上反映了大气中SO2-4的浓度变化情况.通过对不同季节气溶胶和表层雪中的SO2-4浓度相关性分析表明,秋冬季最好,春季次之,夏季最差.这可能与SO2-4不同季节的来源,干沉降过程以及淋溶过程有关.     

用VLF、EH4和CSAMT方法寻找隐伏矿--以赤峰柴胡栏子金矿床为例

VLF、EH4和CSAMT均为基于电磁原理的地球物理手段,但它们在探测深度、测量精度和野外操作的复杂程度上有较大的差异.因而不同探测目标和精度要求,尽可能使用不同的方法或方法组合.VLF一般用于矿区及外围的地球物理扫面,以快速确定和发现覆盖层(不超过50～60 m)之下矿化构造系统的空间展布和基本规模.CSAMT具有探测深度大(＞2000m)、工作效率高和抗干扰能力强等特点,一般用于确定矿化系统的深部的宏观几何形态和产状变化.EH4是这三种方法中对地下地质结构解析度最高、有效探测深度适中(800～1 200m)的一种地球物理测深方法,它可以解析较为精确地探测矿体的三维形态、规模、产状变化和细部结构但采集数据时对近场电磁干扰要求较高.这三种地球物理方法在赤峰柴胡栏子金矿区的联合应用,为寻找覆盖层之下隐伏矿体取得了良好的效果.     

Geochemical Constraints on the Origin and Evolution of Spring Waters in the Changdu‐Lanping‐Simao Basin,Southwestern China

Chemical and isotopic data were measured for 51 leached brine springs in the Changdu-Lanping-Simao Basin (CD-LP-SM), China. The predominance of Cl and Na, saturation indices of carbonate minerals, and Na/Cl and Ca/SO4 ratios of ~1 suggest that halite, sulphate, and carbonate are the solute sources. Integration of geochemical, δ18O, and δD values suggests that springs are mainly derived from meteoric water, ice-snow melt, and water-rock interactions. B concentrations range from 0.18 to 11.9 mg/L, with δ11B values of ?4.37‰ to +32.39‰, indicating a terrestrial source. The δ11B-B relationships suggest B sources of crustal origin (marine carbonates with minor crust-derived volcanics); we did not identify a marine or deep mantle origin. The δ11B values of saline springs (+4.61‰ to +32.39‰) exceed those of hot (?4.37‰ to +4.53‰) and cold (?3.47‰ to +14.84‰) springs; this has contributed to strong water-rock interactions and strong saturation of dissolved carbonates. Conversely, the global geothermal δ11B-Cl/B relationship suggests mixing of marine and non-marine sources. The δ11B-Cl/B relationships of the CD-LP-SM are similar to those of the Tibet geothermal belt and the Nangqen Basin, indicating the same B origin. These differ from thermal waters controlled by magmatic fluids and seawater, suggesting that B in CD-LP-SM springs has a crustal origin.