On Shear-Driven Ventilation of Snow

A series of experiments have been made in a wind tunnel to investigate the ventilation of snow by shear. We argue that the zero-plane displacement can be used as a convenient indicator of ventilation, and that this can be obtained from measurements of mean velocity profiles in conditions of zero pressure gradient. Measurements made over a natural snow surface show a zero-plane displacement depth of less than 5 mm, but practical considerations preclude extensive use of snow for these measurements. Instead, the influence of permeability is investigated using reticulated foams in place of snow. We demonstrate that the foam and snow have similar structure and flow-relevant properties. Although the surface of the foam is flat, the roughness lengths increase by two orders of magnitude as the permeability increases from 6 × 10⁻⁹ to 160 × 10⁻⁹ m². The zero-plane displacement for the least permeable foams is effectively zero, but more than 15 mm for the most permeable foams. Our data compare well to the few studies available in the literature. By analogy to conditions over snow surfaces, we suggest that shear-driven ventilation of snow is therefore limited to the upper few millimetres of snow surfaces.     

煤气中毒事件气象条件初步分析

利用河北省疾病预防与控制中心提供的2006、2007年冬季采暖期石家庄非职业性煤气中毒病例数据,采用相关分析的方法,从大尺度天气形势、气象要素变化两方面分析了发生煤气中毒事故与气象条件的关系.结果表明:(1)煤气中毒事件主要发生在夜间到早晨时段,特别是最寒冷的12月、1月是煤气中毒的多发季节;(2)风速小(1～2级)、近地面层有逆温、气温变化不大(±3.0℃之内)、有雾霾等气象条件,不利于污染物扩散,易发生煤气中毒;(3)500hPa高空处于偏西气流、西来槽、高空槽等环流形势下,地面受低压类、均压类、高压底部等天气系统影响,不利于一氧化碳气体扩散,发生煤气中毒的可能性大,在预报服务中应重点考虑.     

感冒与流感发生的气象条件分析

本文运用数理统计方法,对感冒和流感发生的气象条件进行了统计分析。得出了成都地区引起感冒发生的主要外界条件是气象因素中的日降温,而流感的暴发和流行与气象因素的关系不密切的结论。     

针对实际气象需要的地球低轨道卫星的轨道计算

针对国内气象部门的要求,本文就某一特定地域对地球低轨道卫星进行轨道计算,使得地面测点能维持在该区域较长时间.计算结果表明该轨道可以使得无线电掩星的地面测点维持在辐射半径为100km之内的区域达130天左右。这基本满足了利用GPS无线电掩星技术对局部地域大气进行监测研究的要求。     

Trends in Interdiurnal Temperature Variation for the Central United States, 1945–1985

Temporal variation in the absolute value of interdiurnal variability (AIDV) of January maximum temperatures is examined for the period 1945–1985 in the central United States (90°–105°W). AIDV indicates the magnitude of day-to-day changes in the maximum temperature. Five-year running-mean AIDV values decreased significantly throughout the period. This trend was apparent for the region overall and for the 10 of the 20 study sites analyzed individually. Temporal variation in AIDV values was significantly related to mid-tropospheric flow patterns over the central United States. Meridional circulation was associated with smaller AIDV values in all sites except those in the northwestern and southeastern corners of the study area, whereas zonal flow was linked to larger interdiurnal temperature change. The analysis of selected individual years indicated that mid-tropospheric circulation patterns were more persistent with meridional flow, and surface cyclones and their associated surface fronts tracked through the study area less frequently than in years with zonal flow. Analysis at a daily temporal resolution revealed an added dimension of trends in temperature variability beyond those apparent with a coarser monthly resolution. These results emphasize the importance of finer temporal resolution in the analysis of both past and projected climate change; regionally summarized monthly temperature values mask important variation in temperature trends apparent at shorter temporal and more local spatial scales.     

0505号台风"海棠"特殊移动路径的分析

“海棠”台风在弱环境场引导气流中，受台湾东南面生成的次生低压的吸引作用，产生了打转效应．台风形成的不对称结构影响其移向和降水分布，路径突转时极易产生短时强降水．食指状和“人”字形的外螺旋雨带、螺旋雨带最大回波强度区的移动与台风前进方向一致．在台风停滞打转期间台风上下层的正负速度中心极值有一个调整过程，螺旋雨带都很接近同心圆，是台风风力最大的时候．多普勒雷达提供的风廓线产品资料能够较好地反映出垂直风场的连续变化，同时也给台风定位工作提供了有价值的参考资料．     

0418号"艾利"台风暴雨过程的数值模拟

本文利用中尺度MM5模式模拟了0418号“艾利”台风造成闽东北强降水的一次物理过程．模拟结果表明：充沛的水汽和强烈的上升运动是造成台风暴雨的直接原因，降水与850hPa涡度场、散度场有较好的对应关系．基本流场存在二次切变时，横渡型扰动会激发产生并且发生不稳定，从而导致暴雨天气的产生．台风附近相当位温密集陡峭和CAPE值的突增表明台风有加强的可能，CISK和涡旋Rossby波的传播是可能的机制．水汽的敏感性试验结果表明：水汽变化会影响台风的强度和降水的强度，水汽的微小变化可造成降水极大的变化，但对台风的位置影响不大．     

Analysis of three years of boundary layer observations over the Gulf of Mexico and its shores

Boundary layer observations were made over the Gulf of Mexico over a 3-year period in order to develop and test methods for estimating surface fluxes and boundary layer wind fields. In addition to routinely available buoy and CMAN surface data, six 915 MHz radar wind profilers (RWPs) and RASS profilers were mounted on oil platforms and on the shore. Estimates of surface momentum, sensible heat, and latent heat fluxes have been made from the surface observations using the COARE software. Simulations by the National Weather Service's Eta meteorological model are compared with the observations of surface fluxes and wind profiles. The boundary layer is found to be unstable over 90% of the time, and latent heat fluxes are about five to ten times larger than sensible heat fluxes, as usually found over tropical oceans. Eta model simulations of surface fluxes are within about ±50% of COARE estimates of the fluxes based on surface observations. Most of the time, COARE-derived fluxes at 11 sites are within a factor of two of each other at any given hour. In multi-day case studies, COARE calculations are found to agree with Eta model simulations of these fluxes and parameters within a factor of two most of the time. Eta model simulations of wind speeds in the boundary layer tend to exceed the RWP observations by 1–2 m s⁻¹ near shore and by 2–6 m s⁻¹ at distances of 100–200 km offshore.     

0407号台风"蒲公英"路径突然北折的原因分析

本文主要从天气学的角度分析0407号台风“蒲公英”在巴士海峡上空突然北折的原因,发现双台风相互作用牵制了“蒲公英”,增加了台风路径北折的突然性,而其南侧高压环流的发展对台风路径北折有决定性作用．扩大传统中双台风发生作用的距离,将两个台风之间可以直接、半直接或间接作用的概念引入日常预报中。     

Zonally asymmetric response of the Japan Sea to synoptic pressure forcing

We investigated the sea level response of the Japan Sea to changes in atmospheric pressure using barotropic shallow water models driven by idealized synoptic pressure forcing. The regional response lags behind the synoptic pressure forcing because the adjustment is slowly established by water exchange through narrow, shallow straits. The sea level response of the realistic Japan Sea to the idealized forcing varies with geographical location and shows zonally asymmetric variations in amplitude and phase. The simulated response is in good agreement with the observed response of sea level recorded at Japanese coastal tide gauges. The results of a simple one-dimensional model indicate that the zonally asymmetric pattern, with an eastward-propagating pressure system, is essentially caused by bottom friction in shallow straits. This asymmetry arises if the typical wavelength of the synoptic pressure system is slightly larger than the spatial scale of the Japan Sea.