国家级农业气象业务技术综述

国家级农业气象业务经过近50年的发展,服务领域不断拓展,已形成包括农业气象情报、作物产量预报、农业气象灾害监测预警与评估、生态气象监测评估、农用天气预报等系列服务,其业务技术以指标为基础,以遥感和GIS等技术为支撑,发展了指标评判、统计分析预报、模型模拟、综合集成等技术,满足了不同服务对象对业务的需求。未来农业气象业务将更加规范、精细、定量。     

乌兰察布市2010年2月极端最高气温分析

从历史资料、天气系统条件出发,对2010年2月23日发生的自有气象资料以来,乌兰察布市出现极端最高气温达14℃之高进行了仔细分析,结果发现前期持续升温及强盛的暖高压脊控制是造成乌兰察布市极端高温的主要原因。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION STUDY OF THE INNER-CORE STRUCTURES AND THE MECHANISM FOR INSHORE STRENGTHENING OF SOUTH CHINA SEA TYPHOON VONGFONG (0214) DURING LANDFALL

An explicit simulation with a fine mesh at intervals of 6 km is used to explore the inner-core structures of Vongfong (0214). The dynamic mechanism for the inshore strengthening of Vongfong is examined. It is found as follows. (1) The radius of maximum wind of the axisymmetric structures of the typhoon decreased with height during its mature stage. When Vongfong was inshore, the strongest low-layer inflow located in front of it and the outflow was to the rear of it, which was just reversed from the Atlantic hurricanes and other Pacific typhoons. (2) The dynamic and thermodynamic fields were highly asymmetric in structure. Convection was stronger in the northwest quadrant of the typhoon than in the southeast; the strongest convective cloud bands were consistent with the maximum wind region. During its strengthening stage, it was cold west of and warm east of the eye in the lower layer but warm in the west and cold in the east of the mid-upper layer. During its mature stage, a warm-core structure was evident in the lower and middle-upper layer. (3) The interactions between a mid-latitude cold low in the middle-upper troposphere and the typhoon were responsible for the latter to strengthen inshore. Firstly, the outer circulation of the cold low entered the typhoon from the middle troposphere when an outer cold airflow from the cold low flowed into the northwest quadrant of the typhoon so that geopotentially instable energy increased and convection developed. Secondly, the downdraft in the cold low was just the corresponding branch of the secondary circulation of the typhoon system; when the cold low weakened while moving south, the typhoon strengthened inshore. Due to the CISK mechanism, these two phenomena might be realized.     

珠江口近15年海平面变化特点及其与强咸潮发生的关系

通过对珠江口30多年相对海平面和近15年绝对海平面变化的研究,比较1992年12月～2008年12月南海卫星观测和珠江口验潮站观测的海平面变化趋势,认为珠江口的相对海平面（RSL）上升最主要原因是全球气候变暖、海平面上升所致;通过研究29个冬季各月西、北江冬季径流量、海平面、表层盐度的变化趋势,以及强咸潮月份的径流、海平面、盐度的对应关系,得出海平面上升是加大咸潮影响的重要因素。     

琼州海峡沿岸雾统计特征及天气学预报指标

利用海口站1961～2006年高空地面观测资料,分析了琼州海峡沿岸雾的气候统计特征。结果表明：琼州海峡沿岸雾目的年际变化呈现了显著的减少趋势。20世纪70年代初期和90年代初期为雾日减少的两个气候突变期。雾日减少与气候变暖密切相关,夜间最低温度升高是引起海峡雾日减少的主要原因。琼州海峡沿岸雾多出现在冬春季节,一天中出现雾的峰值时间为06：00～07：00,消散峰值时间为08：OO～09：00。利用1987～2006年NCEP再分析资料,总结了产生琼州海峡沿岸雾的3种天气形势,根据雾的类型提出了相应的预报指标。     

福州市大雾天气环流分型研究

利用1981～2005年NCEP再分析资料、常规地面和高空观测资料,结合Lamb-Jenkinson（L—J）环流分型方法和传统天气形势分型方法,分析了福州大雾发生时的天气形势特征。分析结果表明：传统分型方法和L—J分型方法对大雾发生时的主要天气形势分型具有基本一致的气压场分布,即大雾发生时海平面气压为均压场分布;并且L-J分型方法可得到较传统分型方法更细致和全面的结果,可为福州大雾的客观预报提供重要的依据。     

形势场相似计算方案的比较研究

结合天气分析方法,对常用的形势场相似算法效果进行了对比分析,结果表明:"相关系数"是较好的"形"相似判据;对经向和纬向分别计算相似度可以发掘出更多有预报参考价值的信息;另外,对相似计算方案的边界条件及执行效率等问题也作了探讨.     

Local tomography troposphere model over mountains area

The term GNSS meteorology refers to the utilization of the Global Navigation Satellite System's (GNSS) radio signals to derive information about the state of the troposphere. GNSS tomography allows to resolve the spatial structure and temporal behavior of the tropospheric water vapor. This paper presents the verification of GNSS tomography over dense local GNSS network. The paper addresses the problem of obtaining a stable tomographic solution from an ill-conditioned system of linear equations. The main interests are in suitable horizontal and vertical resolution in given conditions. Here the Moore–Penrose pseudo inverse of variance–covariance matrix is used. The minimum constraints solution is obtained with no additional assumptions. The results are validated with the help of simulated weather conditions. Three various scenarios are tested. As general output of this paper the optimal model construction scheme is presented with possible further improvements. The verification of the tomography model based on the local GPS KARKONOSZE, situated in the Karkonosze mountains area in Poland.     

吉林省冬季逆温天气特征分析

吉林省的三个探空站即长春、临江和延吉分别位于该省的中部平原、南部山区和东部盆地之中.利用三站探空资料,分析了吉林省冬季发生逆温的时空分布特征、逆温的统计特征、逆温属性以及逆温的天气气候特征.结果表明:逆温的发生频率平原最多、山区次之,盆地较少,强逆温的发生频率恰好与之相反;逆温底高平原多发生在近地面附近,山区多在400m以下,盆地多在200m以下;发生在近地面的强逆温层厚度一般多发生在1000m以下;逆温属性,平原和山区以辐射或下沉逆温为主,盆地则以辐射或下沉和平流逆温为主,同时指出了不同属性逆温的地面形势场特征.     

2009年6—8月T639、ECMWF及日本数值模式中期预报性能检验

每年的6-8月是我国主汛期,这个季节高温干旱、暴雨洪涝等气象灾害最为严重.为更好地了解业务主流模式的预报性能,以提高汛期气象服务能力,对2009年6-8月T639、 ECMWF(以下简称EC)及JAPAN(以下简称JP)数值模式的预报产品进行了对比分析和检验.结果表明, 各家模式对亚洲中高纬度大尺度环流的演变和调整都有较好的预报能力,但均表现出指数值预报偏高的误差;对夏季副高和850hPa气温,T639有一定的中期预报能力,但与EC和JP模式相比,误差偏大,并存在一定的系统性偏差;T639对莫拉克台风的生成预报较好,台风移动和登陆的预报与实况相比有较大误差.