Framework and Workflows for Spatial Database Generalization

Spatial database generalization deals not only with geometrical simplification, but also with changes in database schema and content. The purpose of this research is to suggest methods for database generalization through the abstraction of a detailed spatial database. To accomplish this goal, this study suggests a framework for database generalization, and then defines operators that reflect the changes in database schema and content within the generalization process. A set of operator sequences (workflows) is used to specify and arrange the operators required to abstract a given feature. In order to assess the validity of the suggested method, a prototype system is developed. The results show that the efficiency of generalization can be improved, and data loss or distortion reduced as well.     

Implicit numerical integration for a kinematic hardening soil plasticity model

Soil models based on kinematic hardening together with elements of bounding surface plasticity, provide a means of introducing some memory of recent history and stiffness variation in the predicted response of soils. Such models provide an improvement on simple elasto‐plastic models in describing soil behaviour under non‐monotonic loading. Routine use of such models requires robust numerical integration schemes. Explicit integration of highly non‐linear models requires extremely small steps in order to guarantee convergence. Here, a fully implicit scheme is presented for a simple kinematic hardening extension of the Cam clay soil model. The algorithm is based on the operator split methodology and the implicit Euler backward integration scheme is proposed to integrate the rate form of the constitutive relations. This algorithm maintains a quadratic rate of asymptotic convergence when used with a Newton–Raphson iterative procedure. Various strain‐driven axisymmetric triaxial paths are simulated in order to demonstrate the efficiency and good performance of the proposed algorithm. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

界面起伏条件下反射／透射算子+单程波方程的地震波模拟方法

本文导出了一种由单程波方程利用反射／透射算子的可分表示方法模拟复杂介质中一次反射地震波的数值算法. 文中利用算子可分表示理论将反射／透射算子分解成适合于双域（空间域和波数域）运算的表达形式，使得本文得到的地震波数值模拟算法可适应于一定程度横向非均匀介质和界面起伏情况，在入射角小于45°时能够准确模拟振幅随入射角(AVA)的关系. 就模拟一次反射地震波而言，与前人研究的双程波动方程伪谱法地震波模拟相比，本文算法具有足够高的模拟精度，且计算效率成倍地提高.     

利用LOG算子和改进相干算法提高地震资料分辨率

利用LOG算子和改进相干算法相结合可提高地震资料分辨率。模型数据与实际数据的应用效果证明, 该方法同其他方法相比, 具有较强的信噪分离作用, 能有效提高地震资料分辨率。     

Capturing the two‐way hydromechanical coupling effect on fluid‐driven fracture in a dual‐graph lattice beam model

Fluid‐driven fractures of brittle rock is simulated via a dual‐graph lattice model. The new discrete hydromechanical model incorporates a two‐way coupling mechanism between the discrete element model and the flow network. By adopting an operator‐split algorithm, the coupling model is able to replicate the transient poroelasticity coupling mechanism and the resultant Mandel‐Cryer hydromechanical coupling effect in a discrete mechanics framework. As crack propagation, coalescence and branching are all path‐dependent and irreversible processes, capturing this transient coupling effect is important for capturing the essence of the fluid‐driven fracture in simulations. Injection simulations indicate that the onset and propagation of fractures is highly sensitive to the ratio between the injection rate and the effective permeability. Furthermore, we show that in a permeable rock, the borehole breakdown pressure, the pressure at which fractures start to grow from the borehole, depends on both the given ratio between injection rate and permeability and the Biot coefficient.     

面向大范围实时数据的动态船舶矢量标绘方法

船舶可视化和分析在现代航海管理领域中发挥着重要作用。鉴于目前主流的船舶符号栅格表达方式存在失真、不易交互等弊端,本文提出一种面向大范围船舶实时动态数据的矢量标绘方法。基于时空GIS技术实时接入船舶数据流,创建一个不断更新的船舶要素服务;在前端通过WebSocket建立与服务间的双向通信,低时延获取最新船舶定位信息;并结合多空间尺度表达规则和标绘算法进行符号重绘,实现对船舶位置、尺寸、航向在不同显示级别下的精确表达。测试证明,该方法可以有效支撑较大地理范围内船舶数据的动态可视化,满足船舶避碰、海事管理和应用分析的需要。     

角动量算符的本征态和转动矩阵的新形式(英文)

转动矩阵在角动量理论中起着非常基本和重要的作用,它已经被推导通过使用各种方法。提出一个新的方法研究角动量算符的本征态和转动矩阵。该方法采用角动量算符的有关公式和角动量的生成元算符的SU(2)代数的解纠缠公式,得到任意分量的角动量算符的新本征态,利用该本征态进一步推导出角动量算符的新转动矩阵表示。与现有的方法相比较,方法具有简单和直接性的特点。     

基于GML的地图符号化研究与实现

采用基于GML（Geography Markup Language）地理标识语言,将地理要素符号化并表达出来。GML基于XML的架构,XML被设计为传输和存储数据,结构简单。使用基于GML的地图制图,就是一种基于规则的产生式方法,具有模块性和清晰性结构,这种结构易于地图要素的符号化管理和扩展,全方位地表达地图信息。     

线状目标地图空间信息定量度量方法研究综述

地图信息的定量度量是地图制图学领域中的一个重要问题,也是评价制图质量、地图综合算法以及实现空间信息有效传输的基础.它不仅有助于理解空间信息的特征,而且对有效地利用空间信息也是十分重要的.本文回顾了国内外相关研究成果,指出现有研究中存在的主要问题和不足,围绕地图信息度量,从地图空间信息复杂性的角度和地图目标空间分布的角度...     

AMSU微波探测资料同化的质量控制方法概述

微波相比红外、可见光等卫星探测方式有能够穿透薄云的优点,同化微波探测资料能明显改进数值预报模式初始场。由于观测算子在云、降水粒子及性质复杂下垫面等因素影响下模拟辐射传输过程不准确,以及资料的观测误差较大等原因,实际同化应用时必须对微波探测资料加以认真筛选。为充分发挥探测资料作用并保证同化分析效果,在同化AMSU微波探测的研究中,很多机构和学者建立了散射指数、降水检测等质量控制方法,用来剔除观测算子不能准确模拟的观测。研究表明,资料同化过程中引入质量控制能起到改善同化效果,提高数值天气预报准确率的作用。但是,对于各种质量控制方法的原理和使用条件目前尚无完整的分析,使得各业务研究单位使用的质量控制方案差别较大。文章针对AMSU微波探测资料同化,在分析同化误差来源的基础上,总结了散射指数、降水概率、下垫面类型检测等质量控制方法,并简单讨论了质量控制的发展方向。