Emergence Patterns of Small Subtidal Arthropods in Relation to Day/Night, Tidal, and Surface/Bottom Factors: Investigations in the Boreal Sea, Japan (Akkeshi, Hokkaido)

The emergence of small arthropods was studied in the boreal sea, Japan (Akkeshi, Hokkaido). In the shallow subtidal zone, two impeller pumps were set in the surface and bottom waters. The pumps ran continuously for 25 days (22 August-16 September, 1998), and invertebrates were sampled using a nylon net (300 to 500 m in mesh size). The small arthropods collected with the net belonged to 16 orders comprising about 60 taxa. In the dominant 23 taxa, a two-way ANOVA was applied to determine whether there was any significant difference in abundance between day and night and between surface and bottom. While emergence of 15 taxa (65%) was significantly different with regard to the day/night factor, that of the other 8 taxa (35%) was not. As to the difference between the two depths, the distribution of 15 taxa (65%) was significantly different. Furthermore, in 25 taxa for which over 100 specimens were collected in each of the two depths of water, emergence patterns were examined with regard to the synchrony with day/night and tidal cycles. There were various nocturnal patterns, and the strength of the synchrony with the day/night cycle was different for each species or group. Within the same taxa, nocturnal patterns were more clearly manifested in the surface water than in the bottom water. A tidal rhythm of emergence was only seen in zoeas of shrimp. Variations of the emergence patterns of benthic crustaceans are accounted for by a hypothesis that the frequency of swimming during day versus at night is different in each species. On the other hand, the emergence patterns of some zooplankton reflect by the daily rhythm of vertical migration or dispersal in the water column.     

Distribution and Adaptations of Sea Ice Inhabiting Harpacticoida (Crustacea, Copepoda) of the Weddell Sea (Antarctica)

Abstract. Seven harpacticoid species were found to be associated with sea ice collected during 5 Antarctic cruises of the RV Polarstern. Their distribution within the fast ice and pack ice zones of the Weddell Sea is presented. Whereas some individuals probably become entrapped into the ice only accidentally, at least 4 species arc genuinely sympagic. These have evolved remarkable adaptations, as evidenced by field and laboratory studies of Dresclieriella glacialis , which is by far the most abundant. Such adaptations include: the ability to penetrate deep into ice; a comparatively high salinity tolerance allowing it to endure large salinity fluctuations associated with ice crystal formation and melting; good swimming ability, necessary both for horizontal dispersal and for a planktonic intermezzo after annual melting of the sea ice. D. glacialis is the first polar non-vertebrate mctazoan to be cultivated through its entire life cycle. Its life history suggests an r-stratcgy; this would be the first indication of such a trait in the polar environment. A new species of Drescheriella , on the other hand, exhibits resting stages (C IV-V) known to date only for Calanoidu but not reported for Harpacticoida.     

Do Harpacticoids (Copepoda) Use Water‐Borne Cues to Aid in Locating Food Parcels?

Abstract.  Harpacticoid copepod food is patchily distributed and individuals must episodically move to new food patches. Key questions in harpacticoid feeding ecology include how individuals detect food patches and how rapidly they move toward patches. Based on literature reports, we hypothesized that harpacticoids locate food parcels by sensing a water-borne cue. We tested this idea using individuals of Leptastacus coulli Huys, 1992 and Praeleptomesochra similis Lang, 1965 from a sandy beach in north Florida (29.948° N, 84.341° W). Individuals from both species selected seawater that had been exposed to food significantly more frequently than they selected control seawater. The rate of movement of these species was millimeters per second, which agreed with previous reports.     

欧鳗“狂游症”病毒的细胞定位与超微病变

应用电镜标本制备和观察技术对45尾“狂游症”欧鳗的主要脏器进行系统观察，在脑、心脏、肌肉和皮肤组织中，发现一种致病性病毒，多数病毒定位于细胞的内质网腔，一般为球状或椭圆球状，大小约为50～80nm×100～150nm，具有囊膜，囊膜外附有纤突，可以造成脑细胞的肿胀、空泡变性和心肌细胞线粒体的结构破坏和空泡化等细胞病变．人工感染欧鳗中找到同样病毒，表明该病毒是欧鳗“狂游症”的致病原．     

红河(元江)流域的典型鱼类游泳能力探究及在过鱼设施流速设计中的应用

为探讨红河（元江）流域的典型洄游鱼类游泳能力,给过鱼设施修建设计和鱼类行为学研究提供基础参数,本研究以该流域的野生暗色唇鲮（Semilabeo obscurus）、华南鲤（Cyprinus carpio rubrofuscus）和红魾（Bagarius rutilus）3种鱼类（体长范围0.05~0.45 m）为研究对象,在野外现场布置游泳能力测试水槽分别测试了感应流速、临界游泳速度和突进游泳速度.研究结果表明：（1）对比绝对游泳能力与体长相关性,3种鱼的相对游泳能力与体长的相关性更高,均呈显著负相关;（2）3种鱼之间的游泳能力存在差异,红魾的感应流速最大,为（0.10±0.01）m/s,华南鲤的临界游泳速度最大,为（0.66±0.01）m/s,华南鲤的突进游泳速度最大,为（1.48±0.18）m/s;（3）拟合趋流率与水流速度的相关曲线,所有测试鱼的趋流率与流速的函数关系为Pre=19.80V-1.13（R²=0.96,P<0.05）,得出95%目标鱼的趋流速度为0.11 m/s;利用生存分析方法,得出95%目标鱼累积疲劳的临界和突进游泳速度分别为0.58、1.01 m/s.（4）当以暗色唇鲮、华南鲤和红魾为主要过鱼对象时,建议过鱼设施的内部流速不应小于0.1 m/s,入口的设计流速范围为0.6~1.0 m/s,休息区域的流速范围为0.1~0.6 m/s,孔口或竖缝等高流速区的设计流速不宜超过0.8 m/s,若过鱼设施孔口边壁或底部加糙,可适当增至0.8~1.0 m/s.本研究中红河（元江）流域鱼类游泳能力等资料为过鱼设施修建及珍稀鱼类保护提供了数据支撑.     

我国8个水电站15种过鱼对象游泳能力研究

近几年我国水电站过鱼设施设计已将过鱼对象游泳能力作为重要参考.以我国8个水电站主要过鱼对象为研究目标,在野外实验设施条件下测试了15种鱼(四大家鱼组、裂腹鱼组和鳅组)的感应流速和爆发游泳速度.采用多元线性回归法分别分析了各组鱼体长及水温对游泳能力的影响,并构建了优化的游泳能力预测模型.结果表明,四大家鱼组、裂腹鱼组和鳅组的感应流速和爆发游速皆与体长呈负相关,感应流速与水温也皆呈负相关关系.水温升高使四大家鱼组和裂腹鱼组的爆发游速能力增强,而水温对鳅组鱼的爆发游速影响不大,可能与鳅科鱼类特殊的腹部吸附行为有关.利用绘制的鱼感应水流和爆发未疲劳的数量百分比的生存曲线进行上行及下行过鱼设施流速设计.结果表明:当鱼感应水流的数量百分比为90%时,四大家鱼、裂腹鱼和鳅组幼鱼感应流速分别为3.00、1.67和3.22 BL/s,裂腹鱼和鳅组成鱼感应流速分别为1.27和2.09 BL/s;当鱼爆发未疲劳的数量百分比为90%时,四大家鱼、裂腹鱼和鳅组幼鱼爆发游泳速度分别为8.13、9.27和9.61 BL/s,裂腹鱼和鳅组成鱼爆发游泳速度分别为7.64和7.77 BL/s.当以裂腹鱼或鳅成鱼为主要过鱼...     

精密测距在奥运场馆建设中的应用

介绍了一种使用全站仪同向观测、利用差值计算,配合垂直方向全站仪定位,精确测定泳池长度的方法,克服了现场无法架设仪器和目标棱镜的困难,减少了投点误差、仪器常数误差的影响,该方法还可以用于检验标准长度和仪器加常数。     

Effects of salinity on survival,feeding behavior and growth of the juvenile swimming crab,Portunus trituberculatus (Miers, 1876)

Effect of salinity on survival,feeding behavior and growth of juvenile swimming crab P ortunus trituberculatus was investigated under 5 salinity levels of 5,10,20,30 and 40. The results show that the crab juveniles fed 2 or 3 times at the salinity 20 and 30,each lasted for about 25 minutes,for a total feeding time of 73.2±22.65 minutes per day. At these salinities,there were significantly higher in the frequency of feeding and in total feeding time than those at lower salinities of 5 and 10. All crab juveniles moulted when reared at a salinity of 20 during the 5 days duration of the experiment,which is significantly higher than those at other salinities. All juveniles survived at salinity 20,and the survivorship was not significantly different from that at 30,but was signif icantly higher than those at other salinities. The crab juveniles reared at a salinity of 20 had the highest value of food ration of 0.190 8±0.011 3 g/g BW,average body weight gain of 0.796±0.128 g,gain rate of 87%–96%,and food conversion ratio of 1.20±0.09. There was no significant difference in the values found between 20 and 30 but these values were significantly lower than that at the other salinities( P 0.05). Highest activities of digestive enzymes(Amylase,Protease,Lipase) and lowest activities of protective enzymes(SOD,PO,CAT) were also obtained on crab juveniles reared at salinity of 20.