Bathymetry of the mid-atlantic ridge, 24°-31°N: A map series

This paper presents a series of eleven maps of the bathymetry of a 900 km long section of the crestal region of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Along with a twelfth key map, this series defines the morphology of fifteen discrete spreading segments and shows convincingly that no transform faults exist between the Kane and Atlantis fracture zones. The publication of these multi beam bathymetry data with a contour interval of 50 m and at a scale of 30 inches per degree of longitude is intended to allow easy access by a broad community of marine earth scientists to this unique and powerful data set.     

高分辨率光学遥感卫星宽幅成像技术发展浅析

幅宽是影响高分辨率光学遥感卫星应用的重要指标。本文分析了国际上高分辨率光学遥感卫星宽幅成像的主要途径,介绍了多CCD内视场拼接、多相机外视场拼接、敏捷成像、多星组网等主流宽幅成像方式及其数据处理的技术特点,同时分析了相机垂轨摆扫成像、大面阵相机敏捷拼幅成像等新型星载宽幅影像获取方式,有助于系统地了解高分辨率光学遥感卫星宽幅成像技术进展,对于展望其发展趋势具有一定的参考作用。     

基于海底回波增强的机载LiDAR测深水体旅行时提取算法

机载LiDAR测深（Airborne LiDAR Bathymetry, ALB）技术具有高精度、高效率、强机动性、水陆两用等优势,特别适合海岸带、海岛礁等浅水海域复杂地形的快速探测。激光穿透水体时能量将迅速衰减,导致部分海底回波难以有效提取,海底真实位置判别困难。为此,本文提出一种基于回波增强的机载LiDAR测深水体旅行时提取算法。通过Gold去卷积算法来恢复目标横截面形状,确定海底初始回波范围;随后采用双指数函数拟合水体后向散射有效范围,进而求取波形漫衰减系数K_d值;最后结合海底激光雷达方程,利用K_d值对海底初始回波范围内波形进行增强,并利用高斯函数分解增强后回波,确定海底位置参数,从而实现ALB波形的水体旅行时提取。利用青岛胶州湾RIEGL VQ-840-G ALB实验数据对本文算法的可行性进行验证,将本文算法与理查德森-露西（Richardson-Lucy,RL）去卷积模型、峰值探测模型进行了比对,结果表明本文算法与单波束同名点之间高程误差的均方根误差（Root Mean Square Error, RMSE）为18.5 cm,较上述两种算法分别降低了29.9%、41.4%。因此,本文算法具有可行性,能够满足ALB波形的水体旅行时高精度提取,可为机载LiDAR测深数据精细化处理提供一定技术支撑。     

Simulating short‐circuiting flow in a constructed wetland: the implications of bathymetry and vegetation effects

Short‐circuiting flow, commonly experienced in many constructed wetlands, reduces hydraulic retention times in unit wetland cells and decreases the treatment efficiency. A two‐dimensional (2‐D), physically based, distributed modelling approach was used to systematically address the effects of bathymetry and vegetation on short‐circuiting flow, which previously have been neglected or lumped in one‐dimensional wetland flow models. In this study, a 2‐D transient hydrodynamics with advection‐dispersion model was developed using MIKE 21 and calibrated with bromide tracer data collected at the Orlando Easterly Wetland Cell 7. The estimated topographic difference between short‐circuiting flow zone and adjacent area ranged from 0·3 to 0·8 m. A range of the Manning roughness coefficient at the short‐circuiting flow zone was estimated (0·022–0·045 s m^?1/3). Sensitivity analysis of topographical and vegetative heterogeneity deduced during model calibration shows that relic ditches or other ditch‐shaped landforms and the associated sparse vegetation along the main flow direction intensify the short‐circuiting pattern, considerably affecting 2‐D solute transport simulation. In terms of hydraulic efficiency, this study indicates that the bathymetry effect on short‐circuiting flow is more important than the vegetation effect. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An Evaluation of Publicly Available Global Bathymetry Grids

We evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of six publicly available global bathymetry grids: DBDB2 (Digital Bathymetric Data Base; an ongoing project of the Naval Research Laboratory), ETOPO2 (Earth Topography; National Geophysical Data Center, 2001, ETOPO2 Global 2’ Elevations [CD-ROM]. Boulder, Colorado, USA: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), GEBCO (General Bathymetric Charts of the Oceans; British Oceanographic Data Centre, 2003, Centenary Edition of the GEBCO Digital Atlas [CD-ROM] Published on behalf of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission and the International Hydrographic Organization Liverpool, UK), GINA (Geographic Information Network of Alaska; Lindquist et al., 2004), Smith and Sandwell (1997), and S2004 (Smith, unpublished). The Smith and Sandwell grid, derived from satellite altimetry and ship data combined, provides high resolution mapping of the seafloor, even in remote regions. DBDB2, ETOPO2, GINA, and S2004 merge additional datasets with the Smith and Sandwell grid; but moving from a pixel to grid registration attenuates short wavelengths (<20 km) in the ETOPO2 and DBDB2 solutions. Short wavelengths in the GINA grid are also attenuated, but the cause is not known. ETOPO2 anomalies are offset to the northeast, due to a misregistration in both latitude and longitude. The GEBCO grid is interpolated from 500 m contours that were digitized from paper charts at 1:10 million scale, so it is artificially smooth; yet new efforts have captured additional information from shallow water contours on navigational charts. The S2004 grid merges the Smith and Sandwell grid with GEBCO over shallow depths and polar regions, and so is intended to capture the best of both products. Our evaluation makes the choice of which bathymetry grid to use a more informed one. The U.S. government right to retain a non-exclusive royalty-free license in and to any copyright is acknowledged.     

长江南京段近20年来河槽演变及其对人类活动的响应

利用 1998年和2013年历史水下地形数据,结合2015年和2016年多波束测深、流速与河床沉积物数据,探讨了南京段河槽演变对人类活动的响应规律。结果表明：① 1998~2013年南京河段整体呈现冲刷状态,净冲刷量为0.56亿 m³。② 南京段主河槽发育有平床和沙波等微地貌,两侧发育有水下陡坡。其中,平床和小尺度沙波区域平均流速为0.79 m/s,而巨型沙波区域平均流速为1.41 m/s。③ 人类活动对该河段的水下微地貌演变与河势演变起到至关重要的作用。由于三峡大坝等人类活动的影响,上游来沙量仍将持续低于多年平均值,南京段河槽会进一步冲刷并极可能给涉水工程安全带来威胁。     

Book review

Although visible bands of high-resolution multispectral imagery are used for bathymetry, the relative utility of different bands is poorly understood. Therefore, we evaluated the relative utility of the six visible bands of WorldView-2. We statistically selected the visible bands that gave the best accuracy under different situations, tallying how often each band was included in the best combination. The average frequency was greater than 50% for every band and differed between bands by only 17%. We conclude that all visible bands are useful for remote sensing of water depth, although the utility depends on the image and number of training pixels available.     

Bathymetry retrieval from optical images with spatially distributed support vector machines

This paper presents a spatially distributed support vector machine (SVM) system for estimating shallow water bathymetry from optical satellite images. Unlike the traditional global models that make predictions from a unified global model for the entire study area, our system uses locally trained SVMs and spatially weighted votes to make predictions. By using IKONOS-2 multi-spectral image and airborne bathymetric LiDAR water depth samples, we developed a spatially distributed SVM system for bathymetry estimates. The distributed model outperformed the global SVM model in predicting bathymetry from optical satellite images, and it worked well at the scenarios with a low number of training data samples. The experiments showed the localized model reduced the bathymetry estimation error by 60% from RMSE of 1.23 m to 0.48 m. Different from the traditional global model that underestimates water depth near shore and overestimates water depth offshore, the spatially distributed SVM system did not produce regional prediction bias and its prediction residual exhibited a random pattern. Our model worked well even if the sample density was much lower: The model trained with 10% of the samples was still able to obtain similar prediction accuracy as the global SVM model with the full training set.     

利用测高重力异常建立南中国海海底地形模型

论述了频率域内海深反演的基本原理,简要分析海底地形和海洋重力异常的函数关系。基于未补偿板块响应函数模型,利用测高重力异常和ETOPO1海深模型对南中国海海底地形进行反演,经ETOPO1模型和实测水深检核,反演出的海深模型相对精度在10%左右。该技术不需要船测数据作为控制,需要先验的海深模型作为参考,在浅海以及多海山地区精度较差,并存在过低估计海山峰值的问题。     

多波束测深趋势面系数的主成分估计

在多波束测深趋势面滤波构建趋势面模型的过程中,其模型变量线性相关时,系数阵存在复共线性,因此将主成分估计的方法应用于趋势面模型系数的求解,从而避免了复共线性的影响,最后通过实测数据进行实验,分别利用最小二乘算法和主成分估计求解二次趋势面模型。比较计算结果,验证了主成分估计算法的有效性。