Kinetic energy budget and moisture flux convergence analysis during interaction between two cyclonic systems: Case study

An analysis of the kinetic energy budget during a case of interaction between middle latitude and extratropical cyclones has been made in this work. Horizontal flux convergence constitutes a major energy sink. Generation of kinetic energy via cross-contour flow is a persistent source throughout the growth and decay periods. Dissipation of kinetic energy from subgrid to grid scales is an important source during the pre-storm period; it acts as a sink during the growth and decay periods. The major contribution to kinetic energy comes from a persistent upper tropospheric jet stream activity throughout the period of the cyclone development. The characteristics of moisture-flux components (divergent and rotational) along with precipitable water content for different tropospheric layers throughout the life cycle of our cyclone are also studied in this work. It is found that most of required humidity for our cyclone are initiated from Arabian Sea and then to some extent are reinforced over Gulf of Aden and east of central Africa and then by passing over Red sea enter to the south and south east of Mediterranean Sea. The rotational component of the moisture transport brings moisture from two regions; the first which is considered the main region is the Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden and north east of Sudan. The second source region is the Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. In the middle troposphere, the primary moisture source is found over central Africa, which in turn is traced to the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Arabian Sea. The upper-level moisture fluxes are weak and play a minor role over the area of interaction between two cyclones.     

海洋卫星测高新概念——GPS浮标

本文选定定义ＧＰＳ测高的概念,然后介绍ＧＰＳ测高技术之一的浮标ＧＰＳ测高的基本原理及其应用实例,最后讨论浮标ＧＰＳ测高在我国的应用前景。     

气象卫星遥感地表温度推算近地表气温方法研究

气温是各种植物生理、水文、气象、环境等模式或模型中的一个非常重要的近地表气象参数.多年来气温数据以离散的常规气象站点观测为主,连续分布的格点气温数据则以站点资料插值而得到,分辨率低,无法反映地形等下垫面因素对局地气温的影响,在农业气候区划等研究中具有一定的局限性.随着卫星遥感地表温度算法的日趋成熟,为探讨卫星遥感地表温度数据在气温观测中的可能性和可行性,利用全中国2340个站点1998 2007年的逐旬平均最高气温数据,以及相应时段的NOAA/AVHRR旬最高地表温度数据,以线性回归及拟合模型为主,通过考虑植被指数、土地覆盖类型、季节、风速、气压、降水等各类影响因子,建立了旬最高地表温度与旬平均最高气温间的推算模型,并利用未参与建模的2002-2003年的常规气象站点气温数据,同时与推算气温和插值气温结果进行对比分析.结果表明,利用卫星遥感地表温度数据推算的旬值气温数据可取得较高的精度,尤其在地形复杂地区以及站点稀疏地区精度明显高于插值气温结果.     

WRF_Lake湖气模式对我国太湖的湖温模拟应用评估

文章把一维热扩散湖模式成功地耦合到中尺度天气研究和预报模式WRF3.2中,建立了湖气耦合模式。并用太湖区梅梁湾获得的2010年8月11—28日的观测资料对该耦合模式模拟湖温的能力进行了初步评估。设计了3组方案进行对照试验,分别为:(1)没有加入湖模块的WRF模式试验(WRF);(2)没有对参数进行优化的原始耦合模式试验(WRF_Lake_Old);(3)对3个参数进行优化后的耦合模式试验(WRF_Lake_New)。结果表明耦合了湖泊模块并且参数优化后的湖气耦合模式(WRF_Lake_New)比没有包含湖面方案的WRF模式对太湖水温的模拟能力有了很大的改进。WRF_Lake_New能够合理地模拟出太湖梅梁湾上湖表温度的日变化,模拟的湖表温度误差范围平均在±1℃左右,模拟的空气温度平均误差范围在±0.5℃以内,模拟的感、潜热通量也与观测更为接近。该耦合模式在太湖的初步评估结果表明,该湖气耦合模式为下一步研究湖泊过程和湖气相互作用提供了重要的工具。     

Wave-dependence of friction velocity,roughness length,and drag coefficient over coastal and open water surfaces by using three databases

The parameterization of friction velocity, roughness length, and the drag coefficient over coastal zones and open water surfaces enables us to better understand the physical processes of air-water interaction. In context of measurements from the Humidity Exchange over the Sea Main Experiment (HEXMAX), we recently proposed wave-parameter dependent approaches to sea surface friction velocity and the aerodynamic roughness by using the dimensional analysis method. To extend the application of these approaches to a range of natural surface conditions, the present study is to assess this approach by using both coastal shallow (RASEX) and open water surface measurements (Lake Ontario and Grand Banks ERS-1 SAR) where wind speeds were greater than 6.44 m s^-1. Friction velocities, the surface aerodynamic roughness, and the neutral drag coefficient estimated by these approaches under moderate wind conditions were compared with the measurements mentioned above. Results showed that the coefficients in these approaches for coastal shallow water surface differ from those for open water surfaces, and that the aerodynamic roughness length in terms of wave age or significant wave height should be treated differently for coastal shallow and open water surfaces.     

2011年盛夏石家庄一次短时暴雨分析

2011年7月26日石家庄市出现一次暴雨冰雹天气,其特点是500 h Pa及以上高空强冷空气导致高空形势在12 h内发生剧变,短波槽快速南下,致使探空观测和数值预报失灵。本文对其他监测资料进行分析,发现这种剧烈变化的天气有明显特征:卫星云图上河套北部逗点云系尾长而粗壮,有向南发展趋势,云系后部的暗区表明干冷空气侵入,与低层暖湿空气形成对流云,尾部断裂表明冷空气加速南下。单站要素变化显示,石家庄地面假相当位温比正常值高了8℃,出现异常不稳定能量。强对流天气发生在假相当位温密集带内,能量中心假相当位温最高达到90℃以上,100 km内假相当位温温差超过25℃,最大降雨出现在假相当位温密集带内。雷达回波呈西南—东北带状排列,前部最大强度为65 d BZ,强回波前形成阵风锋,正负最大速度均超过20 m/s,飑线自西向东移动,它的移向和发展程度决定降雨和冰雹的路径和强度。石家庄市区风向转变和形成地面辐合线分别较降水起始时间提前21 min和30 min。     

Effects of green space spatial pattern on land surface temperature: Implications for sustainable urban planning and climate change adaptation

The urban heat island (UHI) refers to the phenomenon of higher atmospheric and surface temperatures occurring in urban areas than in the surrounding rural areas. Mitigation of the UHI effects via the configuration of green spaces and sustainable design of urban environments has become an issue of increasing concern under changing climate. In this paper, the effects of the composition and configuration of green space on land surface temperatures (LST) were explored using landscape metrics including percentage of landscape (PLAND), edge density (ED) and patch density (PD). An oasis city of Aksu in Northwestern China was used as a case study. The metrics were calculated by moving window method based on a green space map derived from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery, and LST data were retrieved from Landsat TM thermal band. A normalized mutual information measure was employed to investigate the relationship between LST and the spatial pattern of green space. The results showed that while the PLAND is the most important variable that elicits LST dynamics, spatial configuration of green space also has significant effect on LST. Though, the highest normalized mutual information measure was with the PLAND (0.71), it was found that the ED and PD combination is the most deterministic factors of LST than the unique effects of a single variable or the joint effects of PLAND and PD or PLAND and ED. Normalized mutual information measure estimations between LST and PLAND and ED, PLAND and PD and ED and PD were 0.7679, 0.7650 and 0.7832, respectively. A combination of the three factors PLAND, PD and ED explained much of the variance of LST with a normalized mutual information measure of 0.8694. Results from this study can expand our understanding of the relationship between LST and street trees and vegetation, and provide insights for sustainable urban planning and management under changing climate.     

Determination of Molybdenum, Antimony and Tungsten at sub μg g−1 Levels in Geological Materials by ID-FI-ICP-MS

We have developed a rapid and accurate method for the determination of Mo, Sb and W in geological samples using isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry with a flow injection system (ID-FI-ICP-MS). The chemical procedure requires HF digestion of the sample with a Mo-Sb-W mixed spike, subsequent evaporation and dissolution of Mo, Sb and W from Mg and Ca fluorides with HF. Recovery yields of Mo, Sb and W in the extraction were > 94% for samples of peridotite, basalt and andesite composition, with the exception of W in samples of peridotite composition for which recovery was 81%. No matrix effects were observed in the determination of the isotope ratios of Mo, Sb and W in solutions prepared from peridotite, basalt and andesite samples down to a dilution factor of 100. Detection limits of Mo, Sb and W in silicate materials were at the several ng g⁻¹ level. Analysis of the silicate reference materials PCC-1, DTS-1, BCR-1, BHVO-1, AGV-1 from the US Geological Survey and JP-1, JB-1, -2, -3, JA-1, -2, and -3 from the Geological Survey of Japan as well as the Smithsonian reference Allende powder yielded reliable Mo, Sb and W concentrations. The repeatability in the analysis of basalts and andesites was < 9%. This technique requires only 0.2 ml sample solution, and is therefore suitable for analyzing small and/or precious samples such as meteorites, mantle peridotites and their mineral separates.     

1980—2010年中国区域地面风速对能见度影响的地理分布特征

利用1980—2010年中国气象局576个气象站的能见度和日平均风速资料,分别分析了中国区域低能见度下风速的空间分布、能见度与风速之间的相关关系、风速变化对能见度变化的影响,讨论了城市化效应和近海地理位置对其影响程度。结果表明:在低能见度（小于10 km）状况下,从内蒙古到新疆东部的沙漠及干旱地区对应的是高风速,在广大东部、南部地区,特别是四川盆地地区对应的是低风速（2 m·s-1以下）;类似地理学的胡焕庸线,中国大陆存在一条东北—西南走向的界线,以此界线划分,能见度与风速关系呈现“东正西负”型分布。界线以西地区包括中国沙漠及相邻干旱及半干旱地区,一年四季中能见度和风速均呈负相关关系,尤其春季最为明显,这表明这些地区能见度的恶化主要取决于大风驱动的沙尘气溶胶排放及传输。在界线以东地区,能见度和风速呈正相关,并且其正相关以秋冬季最强;夏季,盛行的西南季风使能见度与风速关系的“东正西负”分界线北移且其正负相关均为最弱,说明夏季影响能见度的因素相对其他季节更为复杂;东部地区能见度的变化对风速变化响应较小;在四川盆地、贵州至广西和巴丹吉林沙漠地区能见度对风速响应更为敏感,在这些地区风速在对能见度影响中起到重要作用;大城市的能见度对风速响应的敏感程度略微高于中小城市及乡村,说明城市化影响存在但效果有限;近海岸地区因受海陆风影响,响应的敏感度较内陆小且季节变化不明显。     

Seismic Hazards Assessment for Radioactive Waste Disposal Sites in Regions of Low Seismic Activity

A comparative tectonic quiescence and lack of earthquakes make the stable centres of continents attractive for siting long-term radioactive waste storage facilities. The low rates of deformation in such regions, however, make it difficult to characterize their long-term seismotectonic behaviour, leading to uncertain estimates for the very low probability hazard estimates required by society. In an attempt to overcome the deficiency of both contemporary seismicity and paleoseismic data in central Canada, we have used earthquake histories from regions with similar seismotectonic characteristics from around the world. Substituting space for time, we estimate a long-term rate per 10⁶ km² of 0.004 magnitude ≥6 earthquakes per annum, of which 33–100% might rupture to the surface.