九龙江口水体中1995年有机物的转移

1995年3个航次调查研究结果表明,九龙江口水体总有机物的含量受悬浮物含量控制。在S＜5的低盐度区,悬浮泥沙和有机物产生明显的絮凝沉降;在S＞5的广阔海域,它们的迁移接近于理想混合。估算得出九龙江河流的入海通量约：悬浮泥沙为9．8×105t／a;总COD为3．2×104t／a,其中溶解态COD为2.1×104t／a,约占2／3,为水体有机物的主要形态,如换算为溶解有机碳,则DOC的平均通量为3．2×104t／a。     

Computation of solitary waves during propagation and runup on a slope

A numerical time-simulation algorithm for analysing highly nonlinear solitary waves interacting with plane gentle and steep slopes is described by employing a mixed Eulerian–Lagrangian method. The full nonlinear free surface conditions are considered here in a Lagrangian frame of reference without any analytical approximations, and thus the method is valid for very steep waves including overturning. It is found that the runup height is crucially dependent on the wave steepness and the slope of the plane. Pressures and forces exerted on impermeable walls of different inclinations (slopes) by progressive shallow water solitary waves are studied. Strong nonlinear features in the form of pronounced double peaks are visible in the time history of pressure and force signals with increasing heights of the oncoming solitary waves. The effect of nonlinearity is less pronounced as the inclination of the wall decreases with respect to the bottom surface.     

江蓠中类菌孢素氨基酸(MAAs)成分分析及提取研究

利用高效液相色谱技术对江蓠(Gracilariaceae)中类菌孢素氨基酸(MAAs)进行了分析,并采用响应面分析法对MAAs物质的提取工艺进行优化研究。根据正交旋转组合试验设计原理,采用四因素五水平的响应面分析法,依据回归分析确定各因素的显著程度及最优工艺条件。结果表明,江蓠中MAAs的主要成分为porphyra-334;提取温度、浸提时间、甲醇浓度及液固比为影响MAAs物质提取的显著因素。通过多元二次回归拟合模型响应面分析,得到最优工艺条件:提取温度48.12℃,液固比34∶1,甲醇浓度25%,浸提时间1.85 h,优化条件下预测提取率为4.943 mg/g;试验值为4.893 mg/g,试验值与预测值吻合较好,响应面回归模型的准确性得到验证。     

Air-sea carbon-dioxide flux estimated by eddy covariance method from a buoy observation

Precise measurements of the CO2 gas transfer across the air-sea interface provide a better understanding of the global carbon cycle.The air-sea CO2 fluxes are obtained by the eddy covariance method and the bulk method from a buoy observation in the northern Huanghai sea.The effects of buoy motion on flux calculated by the eddy covariance method are demonstrated.The research shows that a motion correction can improve the correlation coefficient between the CO2 fluxes estimated from two different levels.Without the CO2-H2 O cross-correlation correction which is termed as PKT correction,the air-sea CO2 fluxes estimated by eddy covariance method using the motion corrected data are nearly an order of magnitude larger than those estimated by the bulk method.After the CO2-H2 O cross-correlation correction,some eddy covariance CO2 fluxes indeed become closer to the bulk CO2 flux,whereas some are overcorrected which are in response to small water vapor flux.     

台湾海峡海表面温度的遥感反演及精度检验

海表面温度(SST)是海洋-大气系统中一个十分关键的物理量。SST为海洋学课题的研究提供了一种直观的指示量[1],在海洋捕捞中SST是寻找中心渔场的指标之一,可为渔业部门提供鱼类的回游路线和渔场的位置信息[2]。SST制约着海面和大气的热量、动量和水汽交换,是研究大气环流和气候变化[3]甚至台风移动路径[4]等气象学课题的一个重要因子。因此,SST在海洋学和气象学研究中占有非常重要的地位,此外SST对海洋运输、海洋污染、海上油气资源开发、海滨核电站建设等方面的影响近年来也倍受关注。     

利用南极走航观测评估卫星遥感海表面温度

利用1989-2005年间南极走航观测的海表面温度,对目前3个主要的卫星反演的SST产品AVHRR(Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer),TMI(TRMM Microwave Imager)和AMSR-E(Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System)进行了较为系统的评估,并着重检验了它们在南大洋的准确性.结果表明,AVHRR SST比观测数据偏冷,白天的偏差为-0.12℃,夜晚的偏差为-0.04℃,而且南大洋的冷偏差更为显著.TMI SST比观测数据明显偏暖,白天的偏差为0.48℃,夜晚的偏差为0.57℃,其温差ΔT受37GHz风速影响,在强风速(>6m/s)下这种影响仍然存在.AMSR-ESST比观测数据偏暖,白天的偏差为0.34℃,夜晚的偏差为0.27℃,而且南大洋的暖偏差相对较大.AMSR-E SST温差受水汽影响,并在南大洋随着水汽的增加而增加.通过进一步比较微波(AMSR-E和TMI)和红外(AVHRR)遥感的SST在2004年北半球冬季(即南半球夏季)的差别,发现微波遥感在热带(15°S-15°N)和南大洋区域(45°S以南)比红外遥感偏暖,而且在南大洋区域的偏差相对较大,相反在北半球中纬度区域(15°~40°N)偏冷.AMSR-E与AVHRR SST的温差,从白天到夜晚有减小的趋势,而TMI与AVHRR SST的温差无明显的变化.     

不同海区石英悬浮体颗粒表面微结构特征及其成因

悬浮石英颗粒表面在不同的水动力环境中会形成一些特有的表面结构,对这些特点的研究有助于理解微小颗粒在水中的行为以及沉积环境的变化。基于对在不同海区采取表层和不同深度的悬浮石英颗粒表面结构的扫描电镜的观察, 发现在水动力较强的南海海域石英颗粒表面大多呈现出机械作用成因的结构,化学溶蚀痕迹不明显;马六甲海峡、孟加拉湾南部海域、阿拉伯海东部海域站位石英颗粒表面开始出现明显的化学溶蚀痕迹,为机械-化学溶蚀作用的结果;莫克兰海沟站位表层样品石英颗粒表面化学溶蚀作用强烈,随着深度的增加,溶蚀作用减弱,200m水深以下,石英颗粒表面的结构主要为机械-化学溶蚀作用的结果。中国南海西南部3号站位、马六甲海峡北部7号站位以及孟加拉湾南部的11号站位的表层石英悬浮体颗粒较大,可以达到10μm左右,大于其他海区的石英颗粒(3～4μm)。研究海区海水中悬浮体石英颗粒大都呈现棱角状,表现为近源沉积,偶尔可见磨圆度较好且表面有新月形撞击坑,推测可能为风尘沉积。     

TMI、AMSR-E全球海表温度与Argo近海表温度的比较

本文将TMI（Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission （TRMM）Microwave Imager）和AMSR-E（Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System）卫星观测的全球海表温度与Argo浮标观测的近海表温度进行了比较。并检验了影响海温变化的因素,包括风速、水汽含量、液态云和地理位置。结果显示,TMI、AMSR-E海表温度与Argo近海表温度均明显相关。在低风速时,TMI、AMSR-E海表温度整体比Argo近海表温度高。在低风速时,TMI比AMSR-E海表温度更接近Argo近海表温度,但TMI海表温度在高纬可能没有经过良好校正。温度差异显示,在低水汽含量时,TMI和AMSR-E海表温度显示出暖的差异,代表TMI和AMSR-E海表温度在高纬均没有经过良好校正。黑潮延伸区的海表温度变化要比海潮区明显。春季在黑潮延伸区,卫星观测的海表温度与Argo近海表温度差异较小。在低风速时,TMI和AMSR-E海表温度均经过了良好校正,而TMI比AMSR-E效果更好。     

Reliability analysis of H-infinity control for a container ship in way-point tracking

Efficient control of ships in a designed trajectory is always a significant charge for ship maneuverings. The purpose of this paper is to design a robust H_∞ controller and a reliability analysis for a container ship in a way-point tracking. First, the H_∞ controller is designed for a container ship because of model parameters’ uncertainties and external disturbances such as waves, winds and ocean currents. Then, to evaluate the reliability of the designed controller, a well-known reliability analysis technique is employed to achieve the predefined heading angle overshoot (that is less than 20%) in way-point tracking. To do this, three random variables including wind speed, wind direction and wave direction are considered as the inputs due to their significant effect on overshoot, compared to other variables. The results demonstrate the capability of the designed H_∞ controller against modeling uncertainties and external disturbances in way point tracking control.     

Sedimentary control on the formation of a multi-superimposed gas system in the development of key layers in the sequence framework

Based on core observations, well logs and test results of siderite-bearing mudstone from the Benxi Formation to the Member 2 of the Shanxi Formations in the Linxing block, northeastern Ordos Basin, a logging identification model for siderite-bearing mudstone (key layer) was established. The porosity characteristics and sealing property were quantitatively evaluated by logging data. Sedimentary control on the formation of multi-superimposed gas-bearing system in the development of key layers in the sequence framework was also discussed. The results showed that the siderite-bearing mudstone has obvious logging response characteristics, e.g., high photoelectric absorption cross-section index (PE), high density (DEN), high amplitude natural gamma ray (GR), low acoustic (AC), low resistivity (M2RX) and low neutron porosity (CNCF). The quantitatively evaluated results of the porosity characteristics and sealing property for the key layer showed that the key layer has the characteristics of low porosity (with an average of 1.20 percent), low permeability (with an average of 2.29 × 10⁻⁸μm²), and high breakthrough pressure (with an average of 12.32 MPa) in the study area. This layer acts as an impermeable gas barrier in a multi-superimposed gas system. The results also indicated that the material composition of the multi-superimposed gas-bearing system can be established by the sequence stratigraphic framework. The sedimentary evolution results in a cyclic rhythm of material composition vertically. The spatial distribution of the corresponding transgressive event layer near the maximum flooding surface (MFS) in the sequence framework restricts the spatial distribution of the key layer with high breakthrough pressure and low porosity, which constitutes the gas-bearing system boundary. The siderite-bearing mudstone formed near the MFS in the second-order sequence and constitutes a stable comparison of the first-order gas-bearing system boundary, which has a wide range of regional distribution and stable thickness. The siderite-bearing mudstone formed near the MFS in the third-order sequence is often incompletely preserved due to the late (underwater) diversion channel erosion and cutting. This layer forms the coal-bearing reservoirs, which we termed as a second-order gas-bearing system in adjacent third-order sequences to form a uniform gas-bearing system.