粉煤灰湿陷变形的三轴试验和计算

采用双压力室三轴仪对粉煤灰试样进行了单线法湿陷试验,研究了在静水压力作用以及在不同应力状态和应力水平下粉煤灰湿陷变形的规律,得出了粉煤灰湿陷变形的经验计算公式.提出了计算粉煤灰地基湿陷变形的"全应变曲线"增量有限元法.基于本文的试验结果,对一个粉煤灰地基的湿陷变形进行了有限元计算.     

江西金山金矿田东蒋金矿床地质特征及找矿远景

阐述了东蒋金矿床的成矿地质背景,通过对该金矿区地质特征的分析和总结,认为东蒋韧性剪切带为一卓具规模的控矿、容矿构造,其具有构造岩分带、蚀变分带及金矿化强度分带“三位一体”的规律性分布特点。指出该区业已发现韧性剪切带中的似层状金矿体和陡倾斜断裂带(F1)中的脉状金矿体,而该带目前无矿的东段分布有物探激电、航磁、重力异常及化探异常,这些都显示该区尚具有良好的找矿前景。     

Stress Changes Modelled for the Sequence of Strong Earthquakes in the South Iceland Seismic Zone Since 1706

The South Iceland seismic zone is, roughly speaking, situated between two sections of the mid-Atlantic ridge, i.e., the Reykjanes Ridge southwest of Iceland and the Eastern Volcanic Zone on the island. It is a transform zone, where earthquakes are expected to occur on E-W-trending left-lateral shear faults, equivalent to conjugate, N-S-oriented right-lateral, rupture planes. In fact, earthquakes take place on en-échelon N-S-oriented faults, which is indicated by the distribution of main shock intensities, aftershocks as well as by surface fault traces. The stress field continuously generated in the fault zone by opening of the adjacent ridges is computed and superimposed on the stress field changes induced by a series of 13 earthquakes (M 6) between 1706 and 2000. The level of the pre-seismic stress field is analysed as well as the size of the area under high stress. Finally, the post-seismic stress field of June 2000 is analysed, to see where high stresses might have accumulated. The modelling indicates that the rupture planes located on separated parallel N-S-striking zones are dense enough to lead to an area-wide stress release by the series of events. The obtained pre-seismic stress level for most events is high and stable with the exception of situations when several strong shocks occur over a time span of several days, i.e., display typical main shock-aftershock patterns. The size of areas under high stress aside from of the rupture plane, i.e., where no event occurs at the specific time, is of medium to small size.     

夏季安徽槽前形势下龙卷和非龙卷型强对流天气的环境条件对比研究

利用NCEP再分析资料,对安徽省夏季高空槽前形势下两类强对流天气各5次个例的环流特征、热力和动力条件进行了对比分析。结果表明：以大风、短时强降水天气为主的非龙卷类表现为高空的低槽比较深厚,而龙卷的产生多是由于较浅的短波槽引起的,并且低层有西南急流存在,导致较强的垂直风切变。通过比较热力和动力物理量平均场的分布特征发现：在槽前形势下水汽条件都比较好,夏季整层大气可降水量平均在55mm以上,但出现龙卷时中低层的垂直风切变非常强,龙卷类0-1km垂直风切变大约是非龙卷类的3倍。由于存在较强的垂直风切变,龙卷类低层的风暴相对螺旋度也强于非龙卷类。从动力和热力条件综合来看,出现龙卷时的对流有效位能并不是很大,但能量螺旋度很大,即风暴相对螺旋度上差异更加明显。因此在预报槽前类龙卷天气时,应重点关注环境风场的垂直切变和风暴相对螺旋度。     

贵州西部两场典型暴雨个例对比分析

利用ECWMF数值预报产品资料、逐日客观分析资料、常规观测资料以及高密度区域气象自动站降水资料和物理量资料,对2011年6月中、下旬发生在贵州西部地区的两场暴雨天气过程进行对比分析。结果表明:①两场暴雨的发生,中低层均有西南低涡沿切变线东南移和强盛的西南暖湿气流,第1场有高原槽,第2场既有高原槽又有南支槽等天气条件的有效合理配置,以及较强的垂直上升运动和充足的水汽、能量条件,为暴雨产生提供充分的条件。②区域气象自动站降水资料显示,中小尺度天气系统演变对强降水落区有很好的指示意义。③WRF模式较准确地模拟出降水落区、强度以及700 hPa上西南涡沿切变线移动趋势,对类似暴雨短时临近预报具有重要的指示意义。     

黄土高原一次β中尺度大暴雨特征及成因分析

利用NCEP／NCAR逐日6h分析资料和常规观测资料,分析了2011年2月25日一28日山西连续降雪天气过程（以下简称2．25降雪）。①2．25降雪过程经历了三个阶段：2月25日为回流降雪阶段,26日一27日为倒槽冷锋与回流降雪共同影响降雪阶段,28日为低空切变线影响降雪阶段。②2．25降雪过程涵盖了华北地区大到暴雪的三个类型：回流类降雪、倒槽冷锋类降雪、低空切变线类降雪。③通过温湿场分析得出,对于低空切变线类降雪,对流层中层的湿核对降雪的开始有一定的指示意义。降雪未开始之前对流层中层有湿核,随着时间的推移,湿核向低层扩展,整个对流层中低层变为高湿区,降雪开始。当对流层中层变为干区,并向低层扩展,降雪过程结束。对于回流类降雪,低层回流对回流降雪起到冷垫的作用。④通过涡度场分析得出,对流层低层的负绝对涡度中心对其东侧的降水有指示意义,如果其东侧对流层低层配合有正涡度核,降雪强度较大,维持时间较长。⑤地面层出现的负绝对涡度中心说明近地面层有小高压系统的存在,这是因为低层回流冷垫作用形成的孤立小高压体。⑥28日降雪维持机制是条件性对称不稳定。     

EFFECTS OF VERTICAL WIND SHEAR ON INTENSITY AND STRUCTURE OF TROPICAL CYCLONE

In this study,the effect of vertical wind shear(VWS)on the intensification of tropical cyclone(TC)is investigated via the numerical simulations.Results indicate that weak shear tends to facilitate the development of TC while strong shear appears to inhibit the intensification of TC.As the VWS is imposed on the TC,the vortex of the cyclone tends to tilt vertically and significantly in the upper troposphere.Consequently,the upward motion is considerably enhanced in the downshear side of the storm center and correspondingly,the low-to mid-level potential temperature decreases under the effect of adiabatic cooling,which leads to the increase of the low-to mid-level static instability and relative humidity and then facilitates the burst of convection.In the case of weak shear,the vertical tilting of the vortex is weak and the increase of ascent,static instability and relative humidity occur in the area close to the TC center.Therefore,active convection happens in the TC center region and facilitates the enhancement of vorticity in the inner core region and then the intensification of TC.In contrast,due to strong VWS,the increase of the ascent,static instability and relative humidity induced by the vertical tilting mainly appear in the outer region of TC in the case with stronger shear,and the convection in the inner-core area of TC is rather weak and convective activity mainly happens in the outer-region of the TC.Therefore,the development of a warm core is inhibited and then the intensification of TC is delayed.Different from previous numerical results obtained by imposing VWS suddenly to a strong TC,the simulation performed in this work shows that,even when the VWS is as strong as 12 m s-1,the tropical storm can still experience rapid intensification and finally develop into a strong tropical cyclone after a relatively long period of adjustment.It is found that the convection plays an important role in the adjusting period.On one hand,the convection leads to the horizontal convergence of the low-level vorticity flux and therefore leads to the enhancement of the low-level vorticity in the inner-core area of the cyclone.On the other hand,the active ascent accompanying the convection tends to transport the low-level vorticity to the middle levels.The enhanced vorticity in the lower to middle troposphere strengths the interaction between the low-and mid-level cyclonical circulation and the upper-level circulation deviated from the storm center under the effect of VWS.As a result,the vertical tilting of the vortex is considerably decreased,and then the cyclone starts to develop rapidly.     

皖北两次龙卷过程对比分析

利用常规资料、NCEP再分析资料、高密度地面自动站资料、多普勒天气雷达资料,对安徽省灵璧县和泗县发生的两次龙卷过程进行对比分析。结果表明：龙卷风发生在低空急流的北端左侧以及高湿中心和水汽辐合中心的交汇处;龙卷风发生前低层垂直风切变强烈;龙卷风发生在地面辐合最强的地方,为判断龙卷风可能发生的区域提供了线索;龙卷风发生前10～20 min均有龙卷涡旋特征报警,同时有中等强度中气旋配合;灵璧龙卷风出现在母体风暴的南端,强回波在3 km以下;泗县龙卷风发生在带状回波的中部,中气旋由弱发展为中等强度后一个体扫龙卷出现,龙卷风发生时强回波有断裂和突前以及中气旋顶高下降的特征。     

070703天长超级单体龙卷的多普勒雷达典型特征

主要使用南京多普勒天气雷达资料,分析了2007年7月3日发生在安徽天长和江苏高邮的龙卷风天气,着重分析了中气旋和龙卷涡旋特征(TVS)等产品的典型特征.龙卷发生在飑线回波带的北端强烈发展的超级风暴单体中,回波带前沿存在强烈的水平风切变,使得回波带上不断有中气旋生成.对产生龙卷的超级风暴单体,龙卷发生30min前,雷达给出了中气旋(M)产品,该中气旋持续了7个体扫的时间(42min),在中气旋出现后第5个体扫,雷达给出龙卷涡旋特征(TVS)产品,龙卷涡旋特征持续了3个体扫,综合切变产品也给出了显著的提醒.实地调查结果,龙卷风和第2个TVS同时发生,龙卷风位置与TVS位置对应,但位于TVS的南侧,位于中气旋最大风速圈的南缘.虽然CINRAD/SA雷达的TVS产品有虚警的情况,但结合反射率因子、平均径向速度、中气旋、综合切变等产品的分析,对于龙卷监测和预警会很有帮助的.     

20世纪90年代以来东北暴雨过程特征分析

使用1990～2005年全国730站日降水资料和NCEP格点分析资料对1990～2005年东北地区大暴雨过程进行了分类研究,探讨21世纪前后夏季东北暴雨的主要特征.按照东北地区日降雨量大于50 mm的站点数不少于5个的标准,统计出1990～2005年东北地区的69个暴雨个例(共90天).在统计的基础上,进一步对造成大范围暴雨过程的天气形势进行分类研究.考虑阻塞高压、热带、副热带系统和西风带之间的相互关系,将暴雨过程的主要影响系统大致分为6类:(1)台风与西风带系统(西风槽、东北低涡)的远距离相互作用(20个,28.9%);(2)登陆台风(或南来低涡)北上与西风带系统(西风槽、东北低涡)相互作用(16个,23.2%);(3)台风直接暴雨(1个,1.5%);(4)低槽冷锋暴雨(16个,23.2%);(5)低空切变型暴雨(2个,2.9%);(6)东北低涡暴雨(14个,20.3%).在所有个例中与台风有关的共有37个,超过一半,占总数53.6%.台风的远距离水汽输送或登陆台风北上与西风带系统相互作用是东北地区产生大暴雨或持续性大暴雨的重要环流条件.此外,东北低涡和西风槽前系统造成暴雨个例也比较多,也是东北地区大范围暴雨的重要影响系统,低槽冷锋暴雨和东北低涡暴雨也各分为4小类.低空切变暴雨的切变线一般在低层较为明显.上述分析表明,夏季东北地区暴雨过程种类繁多,情况较为复杂,且进入新世纪以来该区降雨过程较为活跃,值得深入研究.