Karst Collapse Mechanism and Criterion for Its Stability

Karst collapse, caused by natural or artificial abstraction of groundwater, has been a focus of environmentalgeological problems for its ever-increasing hazardousness. The potential erosion theory and vacuum suction erosion theory, which reveal the origin of karst collapse macroscopically, are popularly accepted. However, a mathematic prediction criterion for karst collapse cannot be established only by these two theories. From a new perspective, this paper attempts to explain the microcosmic mechanism of karst collapse on the basis of these two theories. When the shear stress surpasses the shear strength of soil, a certain point or a certain plane in the unconsolidated soil covering karst caves will fail under the mechanical effects of water and air as well as its load-pressure, and with the increase of damaged points, a breaking plane appears and the soil on karst caves is completely damaged; as a result, the karst ground collapses. On the basis of the Mohr-Coulomb failure theory and previous studies,     

利用煤层裂隙地震各向异性寻找煤层气气藏

煤层气是以吸附状态储集在煤层的微裂隙、裂缝中，煤层既是煤气的源岩层，也是煤层气的储集层。由于煤层裂隙的存在，将导致煤层的各向异性；根据横波分裂理论：横波通过方位各向异性介质时，横波将发生分裂现象，分裂为两个偏振方向近乎正交的横波，即传播方向平行于裂隙方向的快横波和传播方向垂直于裂隙方向的慢横波。本文介绍了煤层裂隙引起的横波分裂现象的实验室研究及实际野外试验成果。实际结果表明，利用转换横波探测煤层裂隙是可行的。本文最后给出了试验煤层裂隙发育范围和裂隙发育方向。     

东昆仑造山带东段昆中构造混杂岩带左旋斜冲韧性变形特征

东昆中构造混杂岩带是经历了晚元古代、加里东末和晚海西期三次碰撞事件而形成的多旋回复合碰撞缝合带，通过对东昆中构造混杂岩带晚加里东期左旋斜冲韧性剪切变形的几何学、运动学及流变学特征的研究，探讨了其形成的构造背景，指出该期构造变形是东昆中加里东末碰撞事件的产物。     

TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE EFFECT OF SECONDARY FLOWS IN DEPTH AVERAGED MORPHODYNAMIC SIMULATIONS

1 INTRODUCTIONThe numerical simulation of morphological changes in rivers, estuaries and coastal areas is because ofits econondcal merit an outstanding scientific task. The comPlexity of the problem is connected with theheterogeneity of the sediment material, an adequate rePresentation of the involved hydrOdynndc stressesand the large comPutational effort fOr long term simulations.Although the aPpllcation of three dimensional models tO engineering problems is increasing and wellvalldate…     

A Reliability Based Expert System for Assessment and Mitigation of Landslides Hazard Under Seismic Loading

Different models were developed for evaluating the probabilistic three-dimensional (3-D) stability analysis of earth slopes and embankments under earthquake loading using both the safety factor and the displacement criteria of slope failure.The probabilistic models evaluate the probability of failure under seismic loading considering the different sources of uncertainties involved in the problem. The models also take into consideration the spatial variabilities and correlations of soil properties. The developed models are incorporated in a computer program PTDDSSA.These analysis/design procedures are incorporated within a code named SARETL developed in this study for stability analysis and remediation of earthquake triggered landslides. In addition to the dynamic inertia forces, the system takes into consideration local site effects.The code is capable of assessing the landslide hazard affecting major transportation routes in the event of earthquakes and preparing earthquake induced landslide hazard maps (i.e., maps showing expected displacements and probability of slope/embankments failure) for different earthquake magnitudes and environmental conditions. It can also beused for proposing a mitigation strategy against landslides.     

Pegmatite Emplacement in the Seridó Belt, Northeastern Brazil: Late Stage Kinematics of the Brasiliano Orogen

Geometric and kinematic analysis was performed in an area located in the central part of the Seridó Belt (NE Brazil), where supracrustal rocks affected by polyphase deformation are well exposed. The first event recognized in this area (and regionally known as the D₂ deformation) is characterized by top to the south thrust tectonics while a second one (D₃ deformation) is marked by upright folds, strike-slip or transpressive shear zones and the development of flower structures. Major pegmatite swarms were emplaced during and late as regards the second event (dated ca. 580 Ma), being part of the Brasiliano orogeny; similar dyke swarms are known from the Nigerian Shield. These pegmatite swarms provide reliable kinematic markers of the late evolutionary stage of the Neoproterozoic Trans-Sahara-Borborema collisional belt. Mineralogical, geometric and kinematic features support two stages of pegmatite emplacement during the strike-slip event: (i) older, syn-D₃ homogeneous pegmatites intruded mostly along lithological and structural discontinuities, such as foliation surfaces; (ii) late, D₃ heterogeneous pegmatites were emplaced along tension gashes and other dilation structures. The heterogeneous pegmatites are economically more important, being exploited for precious metals and stones, as well as industrial minerals.     

Tectonic Dynamic Metallization of Silver-GoldHydrothermal Fluids in Proterozoic GneissTerrene Shear Zones, Suichang, Zhejiang, China

-,The well-known Suichang silvengold field is located inZhejiang Province of SOutheast China. It is the largest silver-gold deposit associated with copper and zinc in the Cathaysianmetallogenic province.There are a series of silver-gold dePOsits in the shear zonesof Proterozoic gneiss terrene, Suichang region. The volcanicapparatus at Mesozoic has complicated rpineralization. Respectively, there are two pieces of understanding on the origin ofore-formigg nuid: (l ) metamorphic fluid (Lia…     

二维滞弹性非静力平衡云模式第二部分──中低空风切变对云微物理过程的影响

本文运用已建立的二维时变云模式［1］，就中低空风垂直切变对对流和云微物理过程的影响进行了模拟研究。为此设计了五种方案进行了对比试验。结果表明：中低空风切变较小时，容易爆发对流；中低空切变不超过某一值时，对流发展缓慢，但最终会爆发强对流；一旦中低空风切变超过某一值时，则对流发展不起来。另一方面，中低空风切变可加强各云微物理过程及地面降水量。     

天津塔层风切变的研究

根据天津气象铁塔１９９０－１９９２年冬季８个月的风速、风向、温度等资料的分析，得到了天津２５０ｍ以下边界层中风切变的若干特征，如风垂直分布幂次律中指数ｐ的时空变化及频数分布，各层各时段风切变的频数分布，风切变与温度梯度、稳定度的关系。这些特征有助于对城市下垫面塔层中风垂直分布的了解。还分析了冷锋过境前后风切变及温度状 的分布情况。     

Study on the sources of some deep focus earthquakes in Northwest Pacific region

The sources for thirteen deep focus earthquakes ofm _b≥5.5 andh>400 km in Northwest Pacific region were studied using waveform fitting and shear fracture source model. The source parameters were obtained as follows: focal depth, faulting plane, slip direction, rupture velocity, rupture length, rupture direction and scalar moment tensor. It was found that all these earthquake sources can be interpreted as shear faulting and have simple source time functions. The strike direction of faulting plane for most deep focus earthquakes coincides with that of the subduction zone, especially in the deep part of the subduction zone, it results in the tendency of reducing the dip angle of the subduction zone. The multiple point source model was also used to study the source process. The waveform fitting is better than the shear fracture model, but the general rupture direction which coincides with that from unilateral shear source model can not be obtained from the multiple point source model. This study is supported by the National Science Foundation of China and the Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation.