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碳普惠制下市民乘坐地铁出行减碳量核算方法研究——以广州为例

碳普惠制是一种以城市居民为主体的温室气体自愿减排机制。将乘坐地铁出行作为低碳行为纳入碳普惠制,是建设全民参与型低碳社会的重要探索。本文提出了替代法和均值法两种市民乘坐地铁出行减碳量的核算方法,并以广州市为例,计算了2015年广州市民乘坐地铁出行的减碳量。结果显示：替代法下广州市民乘坐地铁出行的减碳量约为0.5419 kg CO₂/人次,均值法下约为0.5155 kg CO₂/人次,如果按2015年广州市地铁系统的客运量计算,替代法和均值法下全市地铁系统的年减碳量分别约为130万t CO₂和124万t CO₂。其中,替代法主要参考已有的CCER方法学设计,具有一定的理论基础,但其替代出行模式的确定受被调查对象的主观影响较大,而均值法以城市现有的机动化出行模式为基准线,较少受到人为因素的干扰,均值法被认为更适合于计算碳普惠制下市民乘坐地铁出行的碳减排量。     

Numerical simulation of gas venting for NAPL site remediation

A control volume, finite element method is used to discretize the three phase, three component equations for simulation of gas venting. The discrete equations are solved using full Newton iteration. Any combinations of phases can exist, and variable substitution is used to take into account phase appearance and disappearance. Some example computations are presented for two dimensional axisymmetric geometry. Several different scenarios for gas venting are examined. High rate air injection can be effective at removing NAPL both in the unsaturated and saturated zones. The numerical techniques can handle problems having node pore volume gas throughputs (in a timestep) of the order of 10⁶, which greatly exceeds the maximum stable explicit timestep size.     

Mg-Fe云母化学成分的解释和分类(Ⅰ)——基本置换和黑云母平面

 中国东部花岗岩类141个Mg-Fe云母的化学成分将近90%的变化属于八面体层内的类质同象置换,置换矢量Mg ₁Fe⁺²和Fe_-3⁺²(R_Ⅵ⁺³)_-2□_Ⅵ组成了天然黑云母平面,大约80%的变化应当解释为基本置换8Mg ₁Fe⁺²+Fe_-3⁺²(R_Ⅵ⁺³)₂□_Ⅵ.这些是Mg-Fe云母在广泛的自然条件下表现出来的最主要的晶体化学关系。文中还提出了置换矢量的长度、分量和以及电价和三个参数,用以识别矿物化学成分变化的类质同象置换特征。     

EDMI测距房产面积测量精度估算方法的研究

本文研究了用EDM(电子测距)边长的精度估算方法;用等权代替法估算界址点最弱点的点位中误差;由坐标解析法界址点与面积的误差传播关系、导出了面积精度估算的具体计算公式。对于实际的房产面积精度的合理估算具有一定的现实意义和指导作用。     

云南会泽铅锌矿床闪锌矿中稀散元素锗的差异性富集规律研究

云南会泽铅锌矿是中国最重要的富锗铅锌矿床之一,已探明伴生锗金属量525 t,但锗赋存状态研究仍然存在颇大争议。文章以会泽铅锌矿床硫化物为研究对象,开展了锗的赋存状态和元素替代机制研究。通过资料收集、野外调查与室内分析,文章查明该矿床锗主要富集在闪锌矿中;富锗闪锌矿可划分为3个世代,其中第三世代闪锌矿锗的富集程度最高,其次为第一世代闪锌矿,第二世代闪锌矿锗富集程度最低;表明闪锌矿结晶顺序并非控制闪锌矿中Ge元素含量的主导因素。Ge元素的富集受矿物沉淀时温度、硫逸度、流体中Ge的浓度等因素共同制约。具有环带结构的闪锌矿成分分析显示,深色部位锗含量通常高于浅色部位,同时锗含量高的部位铜元素含量也较高,推测深色部位与致色的铜离子含量增加有关。不同世代的闪锌矿及同一闪锌矿不同部位的Cu元素与Ge元素含量均具有高度正相关性,结合元素沉淀时的物理化学条件及Cu⁺、Ge²⁺与Zn²⁺的离子半径相近的特征,文章认为闪锌矿中锗元素替代机制主要为2Cu⁺+Ge²⁺↔2Zn²⁺。该认识可为今后研究稀散金属锗超常富集机制奠定基础,也为提高锗综合利用率提供理论依据。     

The compensating effect of glaciers: Characterizing the relation between interannual streamflow variability and glacier cover

Meltwater from glaciers is not only a stable source of water but also affects downstream streamflow dynamics. One of these dynamics is the interannual variability of streamflow. Glaciers can moderate streamflow variability because the runoff in the glacierized part, driven by temperature, correlates negatively with the runoff in the non-glacierized part of a catchment, driven by precipitation, thereby counterbalancing each other. This is also called the glacier compensation effect (GCE), and the effect is assumed to depend on relative glacier cover. Previous studies found a convex relationship between streamflow variability and glacier cover of different glacierized catchments, with lowest streamflow variability at a certain optimum glacier cover. In this study, we aim to revisit these previously found curves to find out if a universal relationship between interannual streamflow variability and glacier cover exists, which could potentially be used in a space-for-time substitution analysis. Moreover, we test the hypothesis that the dominant climate drivers (here precipitation and temperature) switch around the suggested optimum of the curve. First, a set of virtual nested catchments, with the same absolute glacier area but varying non-glacierized area, were modelled to isolate the effect of glacier cover on streamflow variability. The modelled relationship was then compared with a multicatchment data set of gauged glacierized catchments in the European Alps. In the third step, changes of the GCE curve over time were analysed. Model results showed a convex relationship and the optimum in the simulated curve aligned with a switch in the dominant climate driver. However, the multicatchment data and the time change analyses did not suggest the existence of a universal convex relationship. Overall, we conclude that GCE is complex due to entangled controls and changes over time in glacierized catchments. Therefore, care should be taken to use a GCE curve for estimating and/or predicting interannual streamflow variability in glacierized catchments.     

耕地利用转型中的生物灾害脆弱性研究

学术界迫切需要探索新的领域以提升耕地利用转型综合研究水平。本文从农业生物灾害切入,耦合耕地利用“趋利避害”动机与农业诱致性生产替代行为,基于“经济社会环境—耕地利用活动—生物灾害反馈—灾害防治应对”社会生态交互逻辑,建立了耕地利用生物灾害脆弱性转型理论框架。在国家、农业区、省级尺度开展了1988—2017年脆弱性转型研究。结果表明：① 脆弱性在国家、省级尺度发生了转型。在国家尺度,1988—2009年,脆弱性值从15.33%增长到22.45%,而2010—2017年从22.40%下降到19.49%。在省级尺度,脆弱性存在2条典型转型路径;② 在农业区尺度,脆弱性转型主要源自因城乡收入比缩小和劳均耕地提升而带来的暴露度下降,其次源自因生物灾害损失挽回率提升和生物灾害防治失控率下降而带来的应对能力提升。脆弱性转型后,主要源自作物多样性下降和化肥使用强度上升带来的敏感性继续增强。本文发展了耕地利用转型研究的综合性,论证了耕地利用生物灾害脆弱性有望成为耕地利用转型综合研究的新领域,并探讨了脆弱性管控政策。     

Space-for-time substitution in geomorphology

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Geomorphic evolution often presents a spatial pattern of a “young to old” distribution under certain natural environmental conditions, whereby...     

天然磁铁矿类质同象替代的穆斯堡尔谱的研究

本文收集了中国东部安微姚村花岗岩体的二个磁铁矿样品进行穆斯堡尔效应的实验。结果表明:在岩体不同部位样品的穆斯堡尔参数与其 Ti~(4+)、Mg~(2+)等类质同象的替代多少有关。