海底设施的电力供应及其对潜水员水下作业安全的影响

海底结构设施的电力供应是海洋工程的一个重要方面。本文通过对海底阴极保护系统、水下油气生产装置，以及大功率海底电缆的电气特征分析，探讨了这些海底用电结构对潜水员水下作业安全的影响及其防电击基本对策，以供制定有关“潜水员水下用电安全”技术标准规范及操作规程时参考和借鉴     

An efficient finite–discrete element method for quasi‐static nonlinear soil–structure interaction problems

An efficient finite–discrete element method applicable for the analysis of quasi‐static nonlinear soil–structure interaction problems involving large deformations in three‐dimensional space was presented in this paper. The present method differs from previous approaches in that the use of very fine mesh and small time steps was not needed to stabilize the calculation. The domain involving the large displacement was modeled using discrete elements, whereas the rest of the domain was modeled using finite elements. Forces acting on the discrete and finite elements were related by introducing interface elements at the boundary of the two domains. To improve the stability of the developed method, we used explicit time integration with different damping schemes applied to each domain to relax the system and to reach stability condition. With appropriate damping schemes, a relatively coarse finite element mesh can be used, resulting in significant savings in the computation time. The proposed algorithm was validated using three different benchmark problems, and the numerical results were compared with existing analytical and numerical solutions. The algorithm performance in solving practical soil–structure interaction problems was also investigated by simulating a large‐scale soft ground tunneling problem involving soil loss near an existing lining. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A three‐phase thermo‐hydro‐mechanical finite element model for freezing soils

Artificial ground freezing (AGF) is a commonly used technique in geotechnical engineering for ground improvement such as ground water control and temporary excavation support during tunnel construction in soft soils. The main potential problem connected with this technique is that it may produce heave and settlement at the ground surface, which may cause damage to the surface infrastructure. Additionally, the freezing process and the energy needed to obtain a stable frozen ground may be significantly influenced by seepage flow. Evidently, safe design and execution of AGF require a reliable prediction of the coupled thermo‐hydro‐mechanical behavior of freezing soils. With the theory of poromechanics, a three‐phase finite element soil model is proposed, considering solid particles, liquid water, and crystal ice as separate phases and mixture temperature, liquid pressure, and solid displacement as the primary field variables. In addition to the volume expansion of water transforming into ice, the contribution of the micro‐cryo‐suction mechanism to the frost heave phenomenon is described in the model using the theory of premelting dynamics. Through fundamental physical laws and corresponding state relations, the model captures various couplings among the phase transition, the liquid transport within the pore space, and the accompanying mechanical deformation. The verification and validation of the model are accomplished by means of selected analyses. An application example is related to AGF during tunnel excavation, investigating the influence of seepage flow on the freezing process and the time required to establish a closed supporting frozen arch. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

东沙海区海丘发现多底栖方式深水珊瑚

东沙岛周围海区发育众多深水(200~2 000 m)海丘,其中一些显示了明显的泥火山活动特征。近年的取样调查在多个底质差异明显的海丘都发现了非常丰富的深水珊瑚。为什么这些海丘上深水珊瑚兴盛尚不清楚。根据样品形态分析,初步识别的珊瑚既有以基座紧密固着于碳酸盐岩结核硬底的Madrepora oculate(多眼筛孔珊瑚)、Lochmaeotrochus(灌丛珊瑚)、Enallopsammia(突出海沙珊瑚)、Solenosmilia variabilis、Dendrophyllia(树珊瑚)、 Bamboo Coral (竹节珊瑚)、Golden Gorgonians (金柳珊瑚),还新发现有以鸭蹼状凹凸不平形底壳贴附于海底砂泥级生物碎屑的Desmophyllum dianthus(葵珊瑚)和尖底浅植于碎屑沉积中的Flabellum(扇珊瑚)、Crispatotrochus(卷轮珊瑚)、Balanophyllia(栎珊瑚),还有饼形、杯形能在软质海底缓慢自由移动的Fungiacyathus(蕈杯珊瑚)、Deltocyathusi(角杯珊瑚),指示在底质硬度及海流强度迥异的东沙海丘环境中有多种属珊瑚生长。大量具有机动性的深水珊瑚栖居于弱水动力海底,应更多依赖于栖居地本地而非海流带来的丰富食物,意味着东沙海区的泥火山活动泄漏的烃类流体可能是深水珊瑚食物的主要来源。泥火山的流体活动与珊瑚的兴盛可能具有相互指示意义。     

混凝土联锁排应用于海底管线冲刷防护试验研究

海底管道冲刷防护是海管研究的热点之一,混凝土联锁排具有整体性好、易于机械化施工等优点在保滩护底工程中得到广泛应用。在易受意外荷载作用的近海冲刷区域,将"混凝土联锁排+土工布"防护型式引入海底管道冲刷防护中,针对裸露或悬空海底管线,探讨混凝土联锁块的防护机理,开展室内水槽试验,选取不同水深工况对比冲刷防护效果并验证了土工布的反滤防护作用,经过分析对比表明"混凝土连锁排+土工布"防护型式适用于海底管线的防护。     

高速铁路浅埋偏压隧道安全进洞方案研究

针对傍山浅埋偏压、局部出露地表隧道工程合理施工方案的选取问题,结合现场工程地质及施工环境条件,提出"先在出露地表侧预设钢格栅混凝土护拱,随后反压回填土石,采用暗挖法进洞"的护拱暗挖技术方案,并与放坡明挖、支挡明挖方案进行对比分析.研究结果表明,明挖施工方案虽技术成熟,但用于此类隧道面临着靠山侧高陡边坡开挖及防护工程量大...     

Elasto‐plastic seepage‐induced stresses due to tunneling

When tunneling is carried out beneath the groundwater table, hydraulic boundary is altered, resulting in seepage entering into the tunnel. The development of flow into the tunnel induces seepage stresses in the ground and the lining is subjected to additional loads. This can often cause fine particles to move, which clog the filter resulting in the long‐term hydraulic deterioration of the drainage system. However, the effect of seepage force is generally not considered in the analysis of tunnel. While several elastic solutions have been proposed by assuming seepage in an elastic medium, stress solutions have not been considered for the seepage force in a porous elasto‐plastic medium. This paper documents a study that investigates the stress behavior, caused by seepage, of a tunnel in an elasto‐plastic ground and its effects on the tunnel and ground. New elasto‐plastic solutions that adopt the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion are proposed for a circular tunnel under radial flow conditions. A simple solution based on the hydraulic gradient obtained from a numerical parametric study is also proposed for practical use. It should be noted that the simple equation is useful for acquiring additional insight into a problem on a tunnel under drainage, because only a minimal computational effort is needed and considerable economic benefits can be gained by using it in the preliminary stage of tunnel design. The proposed equations were partly validated by numerical analysis, and their applicability is illustrated and discussed using an example problem. Comments on the tunnel analysis are also provided. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

加强矿山生产勘探 促进矿业可持续发展

本文论述了在矿山生产中，加强矿区周边补充勘探，开展综合探矿、综合研究、综合评价伴生组分的利用价值，提高矿产资源的利用程度，运用坑钻结合、探采结合勘探手段，合理布置生探工程，从而使矿山储量断扩大，延长了矿山服务年限，促进了矿业可持续发展。     

建立隧道掘进机产业促进我国地下空间开发

论述了国际地下工程建设动态，指出在地下工程建设中，优先采用全断面隧道掘进机（TBM）进行快速开挖已成料总的发展趋势；对我国开发隧道掘进机的历史和现状进行了综述，提出了存在的问题有利条件，对在我国建立隧道掘进机产业提出了意见和建议。     

盾构偏航引起的地表位移预测

对于盾构隧道的设计和施工，解析方法预测地表沉降，具有使用简便、物理意义明确的特点。在Sagaseta提出的基于由地层损失引起的地表沉降理论基础上，结合工程实际情况，提出了模拟盾构推进过程的三维地层损失模式，并推导了相应的地表位移计算解析公式，对实际工程具有参考价值。