Effect of offshore waves and vegetation on the sediment budget in the Virginia Coast Reserve (VA)

The potential for rapid coastline modification in the face of sea-level rise or other stressors is alarming, since coasts are often densely populated and support valuable infrastructure. In addition to coastal submergence, nutrient-related water pollution is a growing concern for coastal wetlands. Previous studies found that the Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) of coastal wetlands acts as a first-order control of their sustainability, but SSC dynamics are poorly understood. Our study focuses on the Virginia Coast Reserve (VCR) Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) site, a shallow multiple tidal inlet system in the USA. We apply numerical modelling (Delft3D-SWAN) and subsequent analyses to determine SSC dynamics within the VCR. In particular, we consider two important controls on SSC in the system: vegetation (seagrass and salt marsh) and offshore waves. Our results show that vegetation colonies and increased wave energy lengthen water residence time. The reduction in the tidal prism decreases SSC export from the bay via tidal inlets, leading to increased sediment retention in the bay. We found that alongshore currents can enhance lagoon SSC by importing fine sediments from an adjacent inlet along the coastline. Our numerical experiments on vegetation seasonality can improve the understanding of wave climate impact on coastal bay sediment budget. Offshore waves increase sediment export from coastal bays, particularly during winter seasons with low vegetation density. Therefore, our study can help managers and stakeholders to understand how to implement restoration strategies for the VCR. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国跨国城际技术通道的空间演化及其影响因素

专利转移是国家和地区获取外部技术的重要通道,也是刻画技术流供求关系最直接的方式。基于全球—地方视角,本文建构了技术转移的跨国—国内城际双通道理论框架,融合社会网络、GIS空间分析和空间计量模型,尝试刻画中国城市跨国城际技术通道的空间演化规律及其影响因素。研究发现：① 中国跨国城际技术通道网络的空间异质性显著但随时间逐渐减弱。② 跨国城际技术通道加速东移,从北美和西欧（以美国纽约湾区和硅谷地区技术创新中心、加勒比海离岸金融中心、伦敦全球金融中心等为核心）快速向东亚（以日本东京、韩国首尔科技创新中心为核心）和东南亚（以新加坡科技创新中心为核心）扩展,中国对美国和西欧的专利技术依赖性明显减弱。③ 以北京、上海、深圳—中国香港、台北—新竹为核心的京津冀、长三角、粤港澳大湾区和中国台湾北部四大创新集群成为中国跨国城际技术流的集散地和全球性技术创新枢纽。中国香港凭借跨国公司及分支机构云集及离岸金融低税收优势,技术中介作用不断增强并成为技术转移的首位城市,而中国台湾的核心作用不断减弱。④ 国内通道的规模、强度以及城际紧密度有利于跨国城际技术引进通道的扩展;此外,地方经济实力对跨国联系通道具有正向促进作用,其技术实力和对外经济联系程度则具有多方面的影响。     

岛礁附近浮式平台运动响应特性数值分析

利用基于开源平台Open FOAM自主开发的船舶与海洋工程水动力性能求解器naoe-FOAM-SJTU,数值模拟了近岛礁环境下规则波的演化特性以及带有系泊系统的浮式平台在相应波浪作用下的水动力性能。对于平台的水动力性能的研究发现,仿真结果与试验结果在平台自由衰减运动固有周期及RAO(response amplitude operator)方面吻合良好。对于波浪在近岛礁地形下的演化现象的研究,分析了波浪演化不对称性特性的成因,并分别给出了不同参数下波浪在地形上爬升时演化的具体特性,对于波高变化及波浪演化的频率成分进行量化的探究。研究发现,波浪周期越大,波高变化越明显,演化的非线性现象越明显,且波浪随着传播距离的增大演化出的阶数也在增大。     

Study on Model Tests and Hydrodynamic Force Models for Free Spanning Submarine Pipelines Subjected to Earthquakes

A test rig is built to model the dynamic response of submarine pipelines with an underwater shaking table in the State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, China. Model tests are carried out to consider the effects of exciting wave directions and types. Based on the experimental results, two hydrodynamic force models derived from Morison equation and Wake model are presented respectively. By use of hydrodynamic force models suitable for free spanning submarine pipelines under earthquakes, discretized equations of motion are obtained and finite element models are established to analyze dynamic response of free spanning submarine pipeline subjected to multi-support seismic excitations. The comparison of numerical results with experimental results shows that the improved Morison and Wake hydrodynamic force models could satisfactorily predict dynamic response on the free spanning submarine pipelines subjected to earthquakes.     

Reproduction in Galaxias fasciatus Gray (Salmoniformes : Galaxiidae)

A study of the reproductive cycle was made on Galaxias fasciatus Gray from streams on Banks Peninsula, South Island, New Zealand. There was no spawning migration; adults remained in the usual adult habitat to breed. The course of gonad maturation showed that spawning occurred in the autumn, from the end of April to mid‐June. Most males matured at 2 years of age and most females at 4 years old. Egg numbers in the females varied from 3800 to 23 600. Males were predominant in age groups 1–4, females in the older age groups. Amongst fish of potential breeding age there was an excess of males. Circumstantial evidence suggested that eggs were laid among piles of water‐logged debris lodged in pools and backwaters. The larvae, which are briefly described, probably hatch during floods to be swept quickly downstream to the sea.     

Relative Sea-Level Change During the Late Holocene on the Island of Vis (Croatia) – Issa Harbour Archaeological Site

The 2.4 ka shoreline evolution on the Island of Vis has been investigated. It represents a particularly interesting area for this kind of investigation due to the existence of the submerged archaeological remains, the antique port of Issa, as well as to the existence of geomorphological and biological sea-level markers. The actual depths of the different parts of the submerged quay have been mapped and measured with respect to the present mean sea-level, applying corrections for tide and atmospheric pressure values at the time of the surveys. The functional heights related to the sea level at the time of construction have also been taken into account. These data were further compared with predictions derived from a glacio-hydro-isostatic model associated with the Last Glacial cycle. During the investigation of the coast, tidal notches and algal rims were found. They were mapped, measured and correlated with results of the submerged port remains, as well as with other available data along the Croatian coast.

Our results demonstrate a 199±25 cm sea-level change during 2.4 ka on the Island of Vis. Taking into account the total relative sea-level change, an average rate of around ~0.83 mm/yr is derived. If the isostatic-eustatic component is separated, a tectonic subsidence rate ranges between 0.17 and 0.3 mm/yr depending on the predicted model used. Compared to the Northern Adriatic area, the Island of Vis shows a much smaller component of tectonic subsidence.     

GPＲ 探测电力工程地埋管线的技术方法

在电力工程地埋管线探测中,GPＲ 是一种行之有效的方法。为提高管线探测的精度,降低工程施工风险,笔者从探地雷达野外数据采集开始,详细探讨了探地雷达应用于管线探测时的数据采集方法 ( 包括测线的布设、干扰因素的避让等) 和室内后续数据处理的策略。针对管线探测这一目标,采用预测反褶积技术压制多次波和非线性颜色分级的剖面显示方式是提高数据解释精度的关键,并结合电力隧道地下管线探测实例验证了本文所提方法的有效性。     

Submerged vegetation of Lakes Sumner,Marion, Katrine,Taylor, and Sheppard in Canterbury,New Zealand

The submerged vegetation of Lakes Sumner, Marion, Katrine, Taylor, and Sheppard was surveyed in May 1987. These high‐altitude lakes lie at c. 600 m a.s.l., within the largely unmodified upper Hurunui catchment. Submerged vegetation was diverse and included numerous short shallow‐water species, dense swards of Isoetes alpinus, low covers of taller native vascular plants, and charophyte meadows beyond the depth limit of vascular plants to a maximum of 15 m. A sparse deepwater bryophyte community was observed from 11 to 32 m depth in Lake Sumner. Displacement of native vegetation by dense growths of the adventive oxygen weed Elodea canadensis over mid‐depths of 3–6 m was noted in all lakes, except Lake Marion.     

中国苦草属(Vallisneria)植物萌发与生长的影响因素

由于人类生产生活对众多淡水水体的扰动、污染,我国苦草属(Vallisneria)植物的种群规模出现了严重的退化.明确苦草属植物萌发和生长的影响因素,阐明苦草属植物退化的原因,是保护和恢复该属植物亟需解决的科学问题.通过对已发表的文献进行收集和分析,总结了影响苦草属植物萌发和生长的主要因素,并通过挖掘文献中的数据,对重要环境因子与苦草属植物萌发和生长参数的关系进行了分析.结果表明:(1)涉及苦草(V.natans(Lour.) Hara)的研究较多,而涉及刺苦草(V.spinulosa Yan)和密刺苦草(V.denseserrulata Makino)的研究较少;(2)苦草属植物种子的萌发受到温度、光照强度、水深、掩埋深度、基质情况和储存方式等因素的影响;(3)苦草属植物生长受到光照强度、水深、水体营养水平、底泥营养水平、底泥有机质和动物牧食等因素的影响;(4)其他条件适宜时,苦草和刺苦草种子在20～30℃都保持较高的萌发率(均值 50%);(5)苦草种子萌发率随着掩埋深度的增加而快速下降;(6)苦草的相对生长率随光照强度的增加而升高,随水深增加而下降;(7)苦草的相对生长率随着氨氮浓度增加而下降;(8)水体和底泥中高含量的总氮和总磷对苦草属植物生长的抑制作用主要是通过促进浮游植物和附着藻生长导致的遮光,而不是直接毒害作用.未来需要进一步加强苦草属植物萌发、生长参数与环境因子关系的定量研究,更好地服务于该属植物的保护和恢复.     

川气出川管道工程地质灾害刍议

川气出川管道工程沿线建设用地的自然地理和地质环境条件复杂多样,地质灾害有明显的区域性分布规律:川东、渝中和鄂西为中、低山区,以山地斜坡灾害为主,主要有崩塌、滑坡、泥石流和潜在不稳定斜坡;鄂中、鄂北、豫中和鲁西主要为冲积平原区,以人类活动和采矿引起的地质灾害为主,主要有采空塌陷、岩溶塌陷、地面沉降、塌岸及不良土体.湖北段是本管道工程地质灾害类型最多、灾情最重、危险性最大的地段,在该区段内应对地质灾害危险性大的管线段实施地质灾害监测预警工程,及时、有效地监控可能发生的地质灾害,保证输气管道的安全运行.