Comparison of Treatment Efficiency and Energy Consumption of Batch and Continuous Electrocoagulation in Urban Wastewater

In this study, domestic wastewater was used as the electrolyte. The work was carried out with an up-flow tubular reactor, made of stainless steel that was used as cathode, while the anode electrode material was aluminum and varying values of flow regime (25, 50, 75 and 100 mL/s for continuous system), initial pH value (5, 6, 7 and 7.8) and current intensity (10, 15 and 20 A) were applied. For domestic wastewater with natural pH, the effluent pH was >9 in the batch system, while in the continuous system the pH was 8–8.5. Likewise, while the effluent temperature was up to 60°C in the batch system, it was at most 35°C in the continuous system. However, the energy consumption values in the continuous system were considerably lower compared with the batch system. At a current intensity of 10 A, 80 kWh of energy per unit volume was consumed in the batch system, while it was 50 kWh for the continuous system. The present results show that the batch system can be used for small wastewater streams whereas the continuous system can be used for large wastewater streams for domestic wastewater treatment.     

APPLICATION OF CLAYS TO REMOVAL OF RED TIDE ORGANISMS Ⅲ.THE COAGULATION OF KAOLIN ON RED TIDE ORGANISMS

This article reports studies on the coagulation of kaolin(from Wuxian,Jiangsu,China)on various red tide organisms,and the observation for the first time that the coagulation of kaolin is much greaterthan that of montmorillonite so that kaolin is a more effective clay for removing red tide organisms.The authors’theoretical explanation and analysis by a mathematical-physical model prove that comparedto montmorillonite,kaolin has greater attraction for organism cells and therefore greater coagulation capabil-ity.This project’s studies on the effects of pH and acid-treatment show that the acid-treatment does not have much influence on the kaolin system;whereas the effect of pH on the kaolin system is the same asthat on the montmonrillonite system.     

IPCC AR6报告解读：气候系统对二氧化碳移除响应

IPCC AR6报告中控温1.5℃和2℃的低排放情景需要在21世纪中叶以后实现净负CO₂排放,这需要在很大程度上依赖CO₂移除措施。AR6对CO₂移除的主要评估结论如下：CO₂移除有潜力从大气中去除CO₂（高信度);如果CO₂移除量超过CO₂排放量,将实现净负CO₂排放,降低大气CO₂浓度,减缓海洋酸化（高信度);通过CO₂移除方法从大气中去除的CO₂会部分被海洋和陆地释放的CO₂抵消（非常高信度);如果净负CO₂排放可以实现并且持续,CO₂引起的全球升温趋势将会逐渐扭转,但是气候系统的其他变化（例如海平面升高）仍会在未来的几十年到千年尺度上持续（高信度);不同CO₂移除方法会对生物化学循环和气候产生广泛的影响,这些影响会加强或减弱CO₂移除的降温潜力,并且影响水资源、食物生产和生物多样性（高信度）。     

长白山火山热红外卫星遥感监测原理与框架设计

遥感技术的迅猛发展为火山监测提供了无法替代的技术手段，探讨火山区热红外遥感监测机理对提高地热异常的监测精度将起到积极的作用。在对地热异常有关因素如：热辐射、热传导、对流交换等进行深入分析的同时，也指出了各种不同类型的噪声干扰着地热异常信息的正常传输，并提出了合理解决问题的方法。     

Batch and Column Experiments on Fluoride Removal from Waters Using Modified Zeolite

INTRODUCTIONNatural and m odified zeolites have been widely used inboth catalytic conversion processes and adsorption separationprocesses. Recently,because of their unique properties,growing interest has been focused on the zeolites for use in ionexchange separation in water softening,pollution abatem ent,energy production,agriculture,metal processing and biomedi-cal areas. Most of the previous work was concentrated on thecation exchange property of zeolites. Several zeolites werefound to…     

Identification and removal of block ambiguities in sea surface wind field with scatterometers

The solution of the current wind retrieval algorithm for scatterometers has several wind vector ambiguities, due to the bi-harmonic relationship between normalized backscattering cross section and the relative wind direction and the existence of the measurement error. In order to remove the ambiguities for a unique wind field, a circular median filter approach (CMF) is usually adopted. But under the condition for clustering distribution of the false ambiguities in some local areas, the CMF fails and thus engenders block ambiguities, which degrade the precision of the retrieved wind field. For such a situation, a technique of identification and removal of the block ambiguities is presented to further optimize the retrieved wind field after CMF. It is demonstrated in experiment that this technique can identify and remove most of the block ambiguities.     

利用铁屑腐蚀电池原位修复被氯代烃污染地下水的研究进展

简述了氯代烃的主要物理性质和用途，认为铁屑腐蚀电池处理氯代烃污水是基于氧化还原反应、铁屑中活性炭微粒对氯代烃的吸附与对反应的催化、氯离子对氧化膜的破坏和微电池的电场效应等原理；简要总结了迄今利用铁屑去除氯代烃的室内实验和利用原位铁屑反应墙处理地下水中的氯代烃污染研究所取得的成果，认为这种反应墙是一种效果好，成本低，维护方便，有望投入商业运行的最佳方法，并指出了其存在的问题。     

波路径偏移压制层间多次波的理论与应用

消除层间多次波是地震勘探资料处理研究领域的难题,尤其对于实际资料的处理,到目前为止还很难找到一种完全有效的方法. 本文给出了仅对一次波成像既波路径偏移方法压制层间多次波方法,在共炮道集和共检波点道集分别计算炮点射线的入射角和检波点射线的出射角,由此计算的角度作为射线追踪的初始角度,计算地震波射线的传播路径. 结合由程函方程计算的走时表,判断偏移范围是反射波还是多次波. 在前期偏移过程压制多次波的理论研究基础上,本文主要研究波路径偏移消除多次波的应用部分. 为了进一步说明效果的有效性,计算了在单炮和共成像点道集压制层间多次波,给出了实际资料的压制多次波的偏移结果.     

最小噪声分离在航空电磁数据噪声压制中的应用

时间域航空电磁数据经预处理后,仍存在残余噪声,影响电磁探测对地下异常的识别能力。笔者提出一种基于最小噪声分离的去噪方法,将一组含噪电磁数据通过旋转矩阵线性变换为按照信噪比大小排列的最小噪声分离成分,利用信噪比较大的最小噪声分离成分重构电磁数据,以达到分离噪声的目的。仿真数据去噪结果表明：最小噪声分离不仅能够有效压制晚期道剖面噪声,还能准确分辨异常信息;晚期道信噪比较测线滤波提高了11.28 dB,实测数据的噪声水平也由±50 nT/s降低到±10 nT/s。     

Removal of perchlorate （ClO4^-） contaminants by calcined Zn-Al layered double hydroxides

Layered double hydroxides （LDHs） are a class of synthetic anionic clays whose structure can be described as containing brucite-like layers in which some of the divalent cations have been replaced by trivalent ions, giving rise to positively charged sheets. This charge is balanced by intercalation of anions in the hydrated interlayer regions. LDHs act as sorbents of anionic species through two types of reactions, namely, anion exchange and reconstruction, which further adds the possibility of recycling and reuse. The sorption of anions from aqueous solutions by structural reconstruction of a calcined LDHs is based on a very interesting property of these materials, the so-called memory effect： Calcination of LDHs produces intermediate non-stoichiometric oxides （CLDH） which undergo rehydration in aqueous medium and give back the hydroxide structure with different anions in the interlayers. Perchlorate＇s （ClO4^-） strong oxidizing capabilities make it ideally suited for use as a propellant in solid rocket fuel. However, this use in rocket fuel has led to the ClO4^- contamination of considerable amounts of water throughout the United States. ClO4^- has been shown to inhibit iodide uptake by the thyroid gland; and in large doses, it has been linked to anemia and fetal brain damage. This is especially a problem in China. With the recent emergence of perchlorate contamination as an important drinking water quality issue, adsorption by calcined LDHs was studied for ClO4^- removal. In this work, the effect of various factors such as （a） CLDH structure, （b） conditions for removal of ClO4^- ion, such as dosage of adsorbent, initial concentration of ClO4^-, and temperature and （c） co-existing anions in perchlorate contamination on the removal of ClO4^-, have been investigated, respectively.