Some effects of eutrophication and the removal of aquatic plants by grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) on rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii) in Lake Parkinson,New Zealand

Temporary removal of aquatic plants in Lake Parkinson, a small, eutrophic dune lake, resulted in a number of changes to the population of stocked rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii). During each summer the lake stratified and low oxygen levels limited the distribution of trout to shallow (0–4 m) surface waters. In the first summer following weed removal the numbers of black shags (Phallacrocorax carbo) counted at the lake increased, and their predation resulted in a decline in trout density. However, the growth rate and condition of the trout population then exceeded that of trout present before weed removal. During the second summer after weed removal a cladoceran bloom was followed by low phytoplankton levels and high ammonia concentrations. A prolonged calm compounded this situation with the result that oxygen levels in bottom and surface waters dropped below 2 ppm. These low oxygen levels eliminated the trout population, but other fish species present survived. Elimination of aquatic plants affected the population dynamics of other fish species in the lake with potential implications for the trout. The experiment demonstrated the importance of weed beds in maintaining a stable fish community in lakes such as Lake Parkinson.     

New Zealand fur seals at three Kings Islands (note)

Since 1967, New Zealand fur seals (Arctocephalus forsteri) have been seen in winter on Three Kings Islands (34°10'S, 172°08'E) in increasing numbers, up to 80 in 1969. Approximately 130 were also seen on Motupia Island (34°37'S, 172°48'E) in 1969.     

Stochastic modeling applications for the prediction of COD removal efficiency of UASB reactors treating diluted real cotton textile wastewater

A three-layer Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model (9:12:1) for the prediction of Chemical Oxygen Demand Removal Efficiency (CODRE) of Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactors treating real cotton textile wastewater diluted with domestic wastewater was presented. To validate the proposed method, an experimental study was carried out in three lab-scale UASB reactors to investigate the treatment efficiency on total COD reduction. The reactors were operated for 80 days at mesophilic conditions (36–37.5°C) in a temperature-controlled water bath with two hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 4.5 and 9.0 days and with organic loading rates (OLR) between 0.072 and 0.602 kg COD/m³/day. Five different dilution ratios of 15, 30, 40, 45 and 60% with domestic wastewater were employed to represent seasonal fluctuations, respectively. The study was undertaken in a pH range of 6.20–8.06 and an alkalinity range of 1,350–1,855 mg/l CaCO₃. The concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and total suspended solids (TSS) were observed between 420 and 720 mg/l CH₃COOH and 68–338 mg/l, respectively. In the study, a wide range of influent COD concentrations (COD_i) between 651 and 4,044 mg/l in feeding was carried out. CODRE of UASB reactors being output parameter of the conducted anaerobic treatment was estimated by nine input parameters such as HRT, pH, COD_i concentration, operating temperature, alkalinity, VFA concentration, dilution ratio (DR), OLR, and TSS concentration. After backpropagation (BP) training combined with principal component analysis (PCA), the ANN model predicted CODRE values based on experimental data and all the predictions were proven to be satisfactory with a correlation coefficient of about 0.8245. In the ANN study, the Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm (LMA) was found as the best of 11 BP algorithms. In addition to determination of the optimal ANN structure, a linear-nonlinear study was also employed to investigate the effects of input variables on CODRE values in this study. Both ANN outputs and linear-nonlinear study results were compared and advantages and further developments were evaluated.     

Turbidity Removal from Wastewaters of Natural Stone Processing by Coagulation/Flocculation Methods

The effectiveness of coagulation (at pH values of 6, 7.5, and 9), flocculation (at pH 9), and coagulation plus flocculation (at pH 9) on turbidity removal from natural stone (travertine) processing wastewaters (NSPW) were examined by applying classical sedimentation tests. FeCl₃·6 H₂O, AlCl₃, and Al₂(SO₄)₃·16 H₂O were used as coagulants and a polyacrylamide based anionic polymer was used as the flocculant. In this way, it was found that the coagulation method alone was not sufficient to purify NSPW, whereas flocculation and coagulation plus flocculation methods provided superior purification. Among the coagulants used, AlCl₃ gave the best result in terms of turbidity removal by coagulation from NSPW at pH 6 and 9, whereas the turbidity removal performances of the three coagulants were almost identical at pH 7.5. In addition, relatively low pH (i. e., pH 6) improved the purification performance of all coagulants. During coagulation of NSPW at pH 6, a charge neutralization mechanism played a decisive role in turbidity removal. However, in neutral (pH 7.5) and slightly basic (pH 9) media, a sweep coagulation mechanism was predominant. For flocculation of NSPW, the basic mechanism comprised of polymer bridging.     

气候工程的经济评估和治理核心问题探讨

气候工程技术可以被视作可替代传统减排措施的备选项,主要包括太阳辐射管理和CO2移除两大类技术。两类气候工程技术与传统减排方法的空间、时间、成本、不确定性和风险等方面都具有一些差异性。气候工程技术手段改变了传统的国际气候制度构建基础,产生了一些新的治理问题。对该问题的科学研究,有重要的科学、政策和国际气候外交意义。     

Morphological responses and sediment processes following a typhoon‐induced dam failure,Dahan River,Taiwan

The rates and styles of channel adjustments following an abrupt and voluminous sediment pulse are investigated in the context of site and valley characteristics and time‐varying sediment transport regimes. Approximately 10.5 x 10⁶ m³ of stored gravel and sand was exposed when Barlin Dam failed during Typhoon WeiPa in 2007. The dam was located on the Dahan River, Taiwan, a system characterized by steep river gradients, typhoon‐ and monsoon‐driven hydrology, high, episodic sediment supply, and highly variable hydraulic conditions. Topography, bulk sediment samples, aerial photos, and simulated hydraulic conditions are analyzed to investigate temporal and spatial patterns in morphology and likely sediment transport regimes. Results document the rapid response of the reservoir and downstream channel, which occurred primarily through incision and adjustment of channel gradient. Hydraulic simulations illustrate how the dominant sediment transport regime likely varies between study periods with sediment yield and caliber and with the frequency and duration of high flows. Collectively, results indicate that information on variability in sediment transport regime, valley configuration, and distance from the dam is needed to explain the rate and pattern of morphological changes across study periods. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于同步大地电磁时间序列依赖关系的噪声处理

本文从信号与系统的角度讨论了同步大地电磁时间序列信号之间的依赖关系,选取高信噪比的时间序列信号作为先验数据,用最小二乘法估算依赖关系;结合参考道的数据,合成本地道含噪声时段的数据,最后用合成数据替代噪声段数据,组成新数据,从而在时域中去除大地电磁噪声.西藏地区高信噪比实测数据的试算结果表明,无论电场还是磁场,信号之间的依赖关系是相对稳定的,只与先验数据的长度有关,与时间无关;虽然不同参考点之间的依赖关系不同,但都可以精确合成本地点数据,与参考点地下电性结构和参考距离无关.仿真实验显示,去噪后的信号与原始信号基本一致.实测数据处理结果表明,该方法可以有效去除强噪声干扰,抑制中高频段的近场源效应,同时保留了微弱的有效信号,保证了处理结果的正确性.最后针对方差比方法无法识别的方波噪声,提出了一种简单的平移方法,成功去除了持续时间大于窗口长度的方波噪声;将该方法与远参考技术结合,可以有效抑制近场源噪声干扰,获得光滑连续并且可信的测深资料.     

Cr(Ⅵ)抗性菌株的筛选及其Cr(Ⅵ)去除特性研究

采用微生物分离纯化方法,从制革厂含铬污泥中筛选分离Cr (Ⅵ)抗性菌株,并研究菌株对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除能力.共分离得到对50 mg/L Cr(Ⅵ)去除率大于50%的菌株20株,16S rRNA基因测序结果表明这些细菌主要属于Acinetobacter、 Microbacterium、Leucobacter、Ochrobactrum和Brachymonas属.对其中7株细菌,考察了菌株生长期、pH值和Cr(Ⅵ)浓度对菌株去除Cr(Ⅵ)效果的影响,结果表明,细胞在有较高代谢活性的条件下具较高的Cr(Ⅵ)去除能力;pH值对菌株去除Cr(Ⅵ)的能力具有显著影响,在50 mg/L Cr(Ⅵ)、pH值为7～8的条件下,Microbacterium属16号和21号菌株在36 h时对Cr (Ⅵ)的去除率达80%～95%;高浓度的Cr(Ⅵ)抑制菌株对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除能力,其中21号菌株在110 mg/L的Cr(Ⅵ)浓度下去除效果最佳,Cr(Ⅵ)去除率达80%.     

稀土氧化物及黏土负载La2O3除磷性能的实验研究

地表水体富营养化现象与磷的积累有密切关系,去除水体中溶解态磷是降低富营养化风险的技术关键。近十余年来,稀土元素被用于污水除磷剂的开发,并获得了良好的应用成效。本文实验比较了8种结晶态稀土氧化物(Y_2O_3、La_2O_3、CeO_2、Pr6O11、Nd_2O_3、Sm_2O_3、Eu_2O_3和Dy_2O_3)的除磷性能,结果表明La_2O_3的除磷性能最好,Pr6O11、Y_2O_3、Eu_2O_3、Nd_2O_3次之,Sm_2O_3和Dy_2O_3效果微弱,CeO_2完全没有除磷能力;研究表明稀土氧化物表面磷吸附的动力学行为更符合准一级反应模型,吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型。实验表征了除磷后的稀土氧化物和除磷过程中溶液p H值的变化,认为稀土氧化物除磷是一个表面吸附占主导,氧化物溶解出来的离子辅助沉淀的吸附过程。为了避免稀土氧化物颗粒在水体中发生团聚并降低表面吸附能力,将稀土氧化物La_2O_3微纳米颗粒负载在不同黏土矿物上,发现负载于黏土矿物表面的稀土氧化物除磷能力有较好提升,磷吸附量均提高25%左右。负载等量La_2O_3的3种黏土矿物的除磷性能差异不显著,黏土矿物提高稀土氧化物颗粒分散度可能是后者除磷能力提升的主要原因。