Fracture development in Paleozoic shale of Chongqing area (South China). Part two: Numerical simulation of tectonic stress field and prediction of fractures distribution

A tectonics sedimentation evolution has been researched in Southeast Chongqing, and the reasonable Longmaxi shale highstand system tract (HST) and transgressive system tract (TST) geological model were built respectively based on the rock mechanical test and acoustic emission experiment which the samples are from field outcrop and the Yuye-1 well. The Longmaxi shale two-dimension tectonic stress field during the Cenozoic was simulated by the finite element method, and the distribution of fractures was predicted. The research results show that the tectonic stress field and the distribution of fractures were controlled by lithology and structure. As a result of Cretaceous movement, there are trough-like folds (wide spaced synclines), battlement-like folds (similar spaces between synclines and anticlines) and ejective folds (wide spaced anticlines), which are regularly distributed from southeast to northwest in the study area. Since the strain rate and other physical factors such as the viscosity are not taken into account, and the stress intensity is the main factor that determines the tectonic strength. Therefore, the stronger tectonic strength leads the higher stress intensity in the eastern and southeastern study area than in the northwest. The fracture zones are mainly concentrated in the fold axis, transition locations of faults and folds, the regions where are adjacent to faults. The fragile mineral contents (such as siliceous rock, carbonate rock and feldspar) in the shelf facies shale from south of the study area are higher than in the bathyal facies and abyssal facies shale from center of the study area. The shales characterized by low Poisson’s ratio and high elastic modulus from south of the study area are easily broken during Cenozoic orogenic movement.     

Depth dependency of stress ratios during the sedimentation of NW Gyeongsang Basin (Cretaceous), southeast Korea: Estimate of stress parameters and timing of tectonic episodes

The natural stress state in the lithosphere consists of the vertical load and Poisson ratio, and then additional horizontal compression and extension (denoted by Δσ_H and Δσ_T, respectively) are assumed to be superimposed upon this gravitational stress field. The resulting stress state is composed of the maximum, medium and minimum stresses denoted by σ₁, σ₂, and σ₃, respectively. The stress ratio is given as Φ = (σ₂ − σ₃)/(σ₁ − σ₃). A linear relation is found between Φ or 1/Φ and the vertical load in wrench-faulting and extensional stress regimes, respectively. The slope and intercept of the linear relation result in the additional horizontal stresses and level of (average) paleo-surface, respectively. Stress ratio is also determinable by the stress tensor inversion of fault-slip data. The earliest tectonic event (T_1 Event) in the Cretaceous Gyeongsang Basin consists of coexisting E–W compression and N–S extensional faulting episodes. Plots of Φ or 1/Φ against the burial depth (or vertical load) display several linear trends: two clusters in extensional episodes, and two or three clusters in wrench-faulting episodes. Because Δσ_H is assumed to be null or negligible in the extensional regime, Δσ_T is determinable from the slopes of two linear clusters as being −2.5 to −4.0 MPa. In wrench-faulting episodes, the values of Δσ_H are given to be 61.6–101.4 MPa by applying determined additional horizontal extensions. Determined levels of average paleo-surfaces and those of syndepostional structures illustrate that more than five wrench-faulting or extensional episodes have occurred during the T_1 Event, whose active age, consequently, ranges from the Barremian to the Coniacian. This supports that the coexisting coaxial faulting episodes with the same extension may correspond to the alternation of wrench-faulting and extensional episodes.     

不同应力条件下断裂带结构发育特征探讨

脆性断层断裂带内部结构主要包括破碎带和诱导裂缝带两部分。断层性质、断层活动性、埋深、断层两盘（主动盘、被动盘）、岩石力学性质、距离断层远近、断层组合规律等都可以成为影响断裂带内部结构发育的因素。通过讨论不同的应力条件下断裂带内部结构的发育特征,认为正断层形成的破碎带范围较小,裂隙形态不规则,诱导裂缝带中发育张裂隙和剪裂隙;由逆断层作用形成的破碎带范围较大,诱导裂缝带主要是由张裂隙和剪裂隙组成。由平移断层作用形成的破碎带延伸较稳定。     

临汾区块地应力三维数值模拟研究

在地质构造分析和岩石力学性质测试的基础上,进行了临汾区块的地应力有限元三维数值模拟研究,探讨了地应力在区域和层域上的分布规律及其对区内煤层气成藏的影响。研究表明,应力强度总体上随深度递增,断层对应力强度分布具有明显的影响;断层附近应力强度的最大值分布在断层与断层的交叉点、断层与底部硬质岩层界面附近,应力性质在断层夹块内和支断层一侧发生转变出现拉应力区,断层与地表的交点附近也呈现局部拉应力区;煤层软弱带呈现应力降低。研究区的地应力分布特征有利于煤层气从深部向浅部运移,并在背斜轴部相对富集。     

ANSYS三维地应力场数值模拟方法应用研究

初始地应力场由自重应力场和构造应力场叠加而成,是深部地下工程分析必须考虑的重要因素。针对目前常用的三维地应力场数值模拟方法在维持地应力场分布规律和避免附加位移方面存在的缺陷,进行了ANSYS地应力场模拟方法的比较研究。用java语言编写了针对不同ANSYS版本的初始应力文件合并程序,提出了高版本ANSYS初始应力文件合并的EXCEL简易方法,实现了不需编写任何其他程序、对所有类型单元通用的ANSYS初始应力平衡等效节点反力法,构建了一套实用的ANSYS三维地应力场模拟方法流程。     

基坑开挖与支护FLAC数值模拟计算及分析

介绍了FLAC-2D,根据基坑工程具体实例,采用FLAC-2D对基坑开挖及其支护结构状态进行计算和分析;并模拟了在未进行支护条件下的基坑开挖,得出了基坑土体在支护和未支护条件下,土体的应力状态、位移等值线图、位移矢量图、最终沉降量和结构受力.计算结果也证明了支护结构设计的合理性,对工程设计及施工分别起到了验证和预测的作用.     

Influence of the ground profile on the reduction of earthquake motion at the filled man-made islands in the Kobe harbor during the 1995 Hyogoken Nambu earthquake

During the 1995 Hyogoken Nambu earthquake in Kobe, the ground motion at the filled man-made islands in the Kobe harbor was not as severe as that at the mainland. The building damage was also less compared to that on the mainland. It was found by comparative study of earthquake records that the magnitude of acceleration response on the ground surface decreases at the islands as opposed to the mainland. One dimensional effective stress analysis is adopted in this study. Input data has been generated from test results, e.g. the SPT N-value by standard penetration test and shear wave velocity V_s by PS logging. Results obtained by the analyses showed good agreement with the observed records, which is an indication of the suitability of the adopted analysis procedure. From this study, the followings are concluded. By the increase of SPT N-value of the filled layers, liquefaction near ground surface is restrained and damage modes such as ejection of water and soil can be prevented. Since the ground profile at the islands is that considerably soft filled layer and marine clay layers, etc. are present and the thickness of the surface layer is large, the initial natural period of the ground is above 1 s and the natural period is elongated further under the earthquake excitation, which is deemed to be the principal reason for the reduction of the earthquake motion at the ground surface.     

Nonlinear elastic behavior of fiber-reinforced soil under cyclic loading

Experimental investigations and modeling of nonlinear elasticity of fiber-reinforced soil under cyclic loading at small strain are conducted in this paper. The investigations include three aspects. First, cyclic shear tests are conducted using conventional triaxial apparatus. Twenty-seven specimens with three different fiber contents are employed to conduct triaxial cyclic shear tests under different confining pressure and loading repetition. Effects of geofiber, confining pressure and loading repetition on elastic shear modulus of reinforced soil are studied and analyzed. Second, a hyperbolic function is introduced to describe the nonlinear stress–strain skeletal curve under cyclic loading. Nonlinear elastic modulus is expressed as a function of shear strain and two variables A and B that are related to the initial tangential modulus and ultimate cyclic loading stress, respectively. In the present paper, variables A and B both are further assumed to be functions of geofiber content, confining pressure and loading repetition. Finally, eight constitutive coefficients of the nonlinear elastic model are calibrated using stress–strain curves from cyclic triaxial shear tests. The calibration of parameters is conducted using the technique of the linear regression for multiple variables. Impacts and effects of geofiber, confining pressure and loading repetitions on soil nonlinear elastic behavior are discussed.     

松原市区域基底构造特征及演化分析

松辽盆地是大型中－新生代陆相沉积盆地，具民上坳双重结构，基底形态继承了海西期近ＥＷ向构造面貌，基底断裂控制了盆地ＮＥ向展布，总体上形成了北东向分带、南北向分区的柳和局。     

断层滑动速率,地震重复时间和平均应力降

本文综述了国内外大地震复发间隔研究的现状，系统整理了中国大陆活断层滑运速率，已发现的古地震遗迹及古地震复发间隔，结果表明，在滑动速率较在的活断层发现的古地震复发间隔较短，Ｋａｎａｍｏｒｉ和Ａｌｌｅ（１９８５）研究了具有大范围重复时间（２０年到几千年）的板内大地震的震源参数，发现复发间隔较长的大地震具有较高的平均应力降，我们在实验室内研究了应变速率不同时固体围压三轴压缩下完整花岗岩破裂后的粘滑现象。