Undrained strength behaviour of a cemented marine clay under monotonic and cyclic loading

The paper presents the results of a series of monotonic and cyclic triaxial shear tests carried out to study the influence of the strain effect and load cycles on the undrained shear strength of a cemented marine clay from the East coast of India. The undrained shear strength of Indian coastal marine clay has been established from a detailed shear testing carried out in three phases. Undisturbed soil samples taken out from the seabed were used in the test. In the first part, a comprehensive monotonic shear testing has been carried out under both stress-controlled and strain rate-controlled conditions. In the second phase on identical soil specimen, undrained cyclic shear tests were carried out at various cyclic stress ratios (CSR) and these stress levels are chosen in such a way so that no failure occurred during testing. In the final phase post cyclic monotonic shear testing was conducted to qualitatively evaluate the damage caused by cyclic loading. The monotonic shear test results bring out the influence of cementation that can be detected by the stress-controlled test. The cyclic stress results are analysed in terms of CSR. Further, the results are correlated in terms of stress path.     

方形网箱水平波浪力的迭加计算和实验验证

采用小直径圆柱体绕流理论和网渔具理论为基础的经验水动力计算法，分别考虑网箱框架是刚性体、网衣和绳索是柔性体的特征，结合正弦波理论对方形网箱及其构件受到的水平波浪力特性进行了分析研究，理论给出了波浪力迭加计算法，并把计算结果与小尺度的网箱水槽实验进行对比验证。结果表明，计算数值与试验数据较接近，平均误差率在15％以内。网箱水平波浪力呈周期性、不对称变化，在波浪周期小于0.72s时，主要以框架的波浪力为主，反之以网衣的为主。在波长为0.8m、周期为0.72s、水深为0.7m、波高为68.3mm情形下，计算结果显示网箱的框架尺寸和形状及其系泊、布局的选择应根据实际海况而定，网箱高度可适当增加，当设置水层下降深度相对于网箱高度比率为20％-40％，时，波浪力峰值下降相对率达68.03％-88.20％，表明可以较大程度地降低其波浪力。     

Bearing capacity of a strip foundation on a sand layer overlying a smooth rigid stratum

The effect of a smooth rigid stratum, located beneath a dense sand layer, on the bearing capacity and settlement of surface and shallow strip footings is investigated using an advanced experimental model. A theoretical analysis is presented for the bearing capacity of surface footings. The results indicate that the bearing capacity reaches a minimum value at a specific sand-layer thickness. Any increase in the layer thickness above this value causes an increase in the bearing capacity up to that corresponding to a continuous media.Notation H= thickness of the sand layer - B= foundation width - N _q and N = bearing capacity factors for a semi-infinite layer - N _qs and N _s= bearing capacity factors for a finite layer - H _o /B= limiting depth - D _r= relative density - = angle of soil internal friction - M= model width - D= depth of surcharge - q= bearing stress, pressure applied on the footing - q _u= bearing capacity - = unit weight of sand     

On the meaning of the transmissivity values obtained from recovery tests

Recovery tests are based on estimating transmissivity, T, from the heads that rebound after pumping has stopped. Recovery tests can be performed in wells where conventional constant-rate pumping tests would not be possible. Test interpretation is based on the simple Theis recovery method, related to late time drawdown in an infinite homogeneous aquifer. Yet, field data often cannot be explained by the homogeneous theory. Because T is heterogeneous over an evolving range of scales, it is important to evaluate the support scale of hydraulic tests. Numerical simulations are performed to show that heterogeneity in T can explain these field observations. It is also shown that the local T value around the well can be inferred from early time-recovery data, assuming ideal conditions, whereas late time data yield a large-scale (regional) representative value. Even when recovery is observed for a short time, indirect information about the regional value can also be obtained. A method for the interpretation of recovery tests is proposed based on the Theis recovery method that takes into account the heterogeneity of aquifers. Finally, some guidelines are provided for best test performance depending on the scale of the problem.

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Resumen Las pruebas de recuperación se basan en estimar la transmisividad, T, a partir de las cabezas que se recuperan después que el bombeo se ha detenido. Las pruebas de recuperación pueden realizarse en pozos dónde las pruebas de bombeo convencionales, a caudal constante, no son posibles. La interpretación de la prueba se basa en el método simple de recuperación de Theis, relacionado a los últimos valores del abatimiento, en un acuífero homogéneo infinito. No obstante, los datos del campo no pueden ser explicados a menudo por la teoría homogénea. Debido a que T es heterogéneo, por encima de un rango creciente de escalas, es importante evaluar la escala de apoyo de las pruebas hidráulicas. Se realizan las simulaciones numéricas, para mostrar que esa heterogeneidad en T puede explicar las observaciones de campo. También se muestra que los valores de T locales, alrededor del pozo, pueden inferirse a partir de los datos de recuperación iniciales, asumiendo condiciones ideales, mientras que los datos finales entregan un valor representativo de escala grande (regional). Aún cuando la recuperación se observe durante un tiempo corto, también puede obtenerse una información indirecta sobre el valor regional. Se propone un método, que tiene en cuenta la heterogeneidad de los acuíferos, para la interpretación de pruebas de la recuperación, con base en el método de recuperación de Theis. Finalmente, se dan algunas pautas, para la mejor ejecución de la prueba, que dependen de la escala del problema.

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Résumé Les tests de remontée sont basés sur l’estimation de la transmissivité, T, d’après les niveaux piézométriques qui se redressent suite à l’arrêt du pompage. Les tests de remontée peuvent être réalisés dans des puits où les tests conventionnels à pompage constant ne pourraient pas être possible. L’interprétation du test est basé sur la simple méthode de Theis à la remontée, relative aux dernières données de rabattement dans un aquifère infini homogène. Cependant, les données de terrain ne peuvent pas souvent être expliquées par la théorie homogène. Parce que T est hétérogène sur une échelle évolutive d’échelles, il est important d’évaluer l’échelle qui s’accommode aux tests hydrauliques. Des simulations numériques sont réalisées pour montrer que l’hétérogénéité de T peut expliquer ces observations de terrain. Il est également montré que la valeur de T autour du puits peut être interprétée grace aux premières données du tests en supposant les conditions idéales à cette interprétation, tandis que les derniers rabattement représentent une valeur de T à une échelle plus large (régional). Même lorsque la remontée est observée sur une courte durée, une information indirecte sur la valeur régionale peut également être obtenue. Une méthode pour l’interprétation des tests de remontée est proposée basée sur la méthode de la remontée de Theis qui prend en compte l’hétérogénéité des aquifères. Finalement, des règles générales sont apportées pour améliorer la performance du test en fonction de l’échelle du problème.

     

瑞利波法检测地基压实度的探讨

在利用瑞利波法测试地基土的压实度时,由于瑞利波速度与压实度之间是一种非线性关系,因此,必须根据瑞利波速度采用非线性反演的方法来获得地基土的压实度。过去一般是采用回归分析的方法,现拟采用人工神经网络的方法,即根据瑞利波速度与神经网络工具反演获得压实度。根据神经网络预测结果与灌砂法测试结果的对比可知,神经网络预测结果的平均绝对误差为1.188 6%,平均相对误差为1.221 4%,其反演结果的精度比回归分析法更高。     

底板有齿坎时水闸地基反力分布规律的研究

对一建在软基上底板有齿坎的水闸进行原型试验,测试不同工况下底板的地基反力,用有限元法计算相应的地基反力。通过实测值、计算值的对比分析,发现底板有齿坎时水闸地基反力分布并不均匀,地基反力在两端齿坎下相对集中。随着上部荷载的增加,地基反力分布向均匀化方向发展。     

考虑应力路径的地基临塑(界)荷载计算

土的固结不排水剪总应力强度指标在许多地基规范中被建议采用,具有明显的应力路径相关性。推导一个考虑应力路径影响的地基塑性区和临塑(界)荷载计算公式,将此公式和应用室内常规三轴试验指标理论值计算的结果进行了比较,分析了室内常规三轴指标的适用性。     

Quality ranking of twelve columnar basalt occurrences in the northern portion of the Paraná Basin—Brazil

This paper presents results obtained from a study of basal degrading conducted on samples of basaltic rocks found in the northern part of the Paraná Basin in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. To meet the objectives of the study, natural and accelerated alteration tests were carried out followed by a comparison of the quantitative analysis of the two alteration processes. The combined analysis of the information proved to be very useful tool for rock qualification and the quantification of alterability, thus providing a basis for comparative analysis of massive and columnar jointed basalt relative to their use as aggregate for civil construction purposes.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定银锡焊料中的微量铅

利用四价锡的氯化物沸点较低的性质,将锡挥发除去,并用硫脲络合银离子,以消除银和锡对铅测定的干扰。制定了火焰原子吸收光谱法测定银锡焊料样品中微量铅的分析方法。方法准确、可靠、简便、快速,完全适用于银锡焊料中微量铅的检验。     

What Kind of Assessment for What Kind of Geography? Advanced Placement Human Geography*

This article raises awareness of the recently introduced Advanced Placement course in Human Geography by describing the design and management of assessment in the course. Standards are maintained through the choice of assessment instrument, the development of test items, scoring, and grade‐setting. The article contributes to a deeper understanding of the opportunities and threats of standardized testing within geography.