吉林省西部地区大气干湿沉降元素通量及来源

通过检测吉林省西部地区大气干湿沉降中各元素含量,追踪其可能来源,探讨影响吉林西部大气环境质量的主要因素。在吉林省西部均匀布置大气干湿沉降采集点共55个,采样密度为15 个/万km²。样品的检测在国土资源部长春矿产资源监督检测中心进行。采用主成分分析和富集因子法对结果进行分析。吉林省西部大气中常量元素Al、Ca、Fe、K、Mg、Na以及N、C元素均表现出较高的沉降通量,采样点湿样部分与干样部分元素平均沉降通量及比值显示,所有元素均为沉淀部分大于溶解部分;各元素富集因子均值和主成分分析结果显示,影响大气综合质量评价的主要因子F₁（F、Ni、Mo、Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Zn、P、Hg、Ca、Fe、Mg）中除Zn外,其余元素的富集因子均接近1或远小于1,说明大气中的这些元素主要输入源为自然源或是自然界中沙土、岩石风化的尘埃。影响大气综合质量评价的次要因子F₂（U、Th、Pb、C、As、Al、K、Na、B、N）中的各元素除U、Th、K、Na来源于自然源外,其余元素主要来源为人为源或受人为污染的可能性大。各元素主要以固态形式存在于大气沉降样品中。来自于自然源或自然界中沙土、岩石风化的尘埃是影响吉林省西部大气质量的主要原因,人为污染是次要原因。     

Pseudo‐dynamic testing of bridges using non‐linear substructuring

Pseudo‐dynamic tests on a large‐scale model of an existing six‐pier bridge were performed at the ELSA laboratory using the substructuring technique. Two physical pier models were constructed and tested in the laboratory, while the deck, the abutments and the remaining four piers were numerically modeled on‐line. These tests on a large‐scale model of an existing bridge are the first to have been performed considering non‐linear behavior for the modeled substructure. Asynchronous input motion, generated for the specific bridge site, was used for the abutments and the pier bases. Three earthquake tests with increasing intensities were carried out, aimed at the assessment of the seismic vulnerability of a typical European motorway bridge designed prior to the modern generation of seismic codes. The experimental results confirm the poor seismic behavior of the bridge, evidenced by irregular distribution of damage, limited deformation capacity, tension shift effects and undesirable failure locations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Operator‐splitting method for real‐time substructure testing

It has been shown that the operator‐splitting method (OSM) provides explicit and unconditionally stable solutions for quasi‐static pseudo‐dynamic substructure testing. However, the OSM provides only an explicit target displacement but not an explicit target velocity, so that it is essentially an implicit method for real‐time substructure testing (RST) when the velocity‐dependent restoring force is considered. This paper proposes a target velocity formulation based on the forward difference of the predicted displacements so as to render the OSM explicit for RST. The stability and accuracy of the resulting OSM‐RST algorithm are investigated. It is shown that the OSM‐RST is unconditionally stable so long as the non‐linear stiffness and damping are of the softening type (i.e. the tangent stiffness and damping never exceed the initial values). The stability of the OSM‐RST for structures with infinite tangent damping coefficient or stiffness is also proved, and the stability of the method for MDOF structures with a non‐classical damping matrix is demonstrated by an energy criterion. The effects of actuator delay and compensation are analysed based on the bilinear approximation of the actuator step response. Experiments on damped SDOF and MDOF structures verify that the stability of the OSM‐RST is preserved when the experimental substructure generates velocity‐dependent reaction forces, whereas the stability of real‐time substructure tests based on the central difference method is worsened by the damping of the specimen. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

国内消能减震产品检测标准及方法差异性分析

作为建筑抗震的第一道防线,阻尼器在建筑结构抗震中发挥重要作用,在国内得到了广泛的应用。为规范消能减震行业的发展,我国制定了有关阻尼器检测的行业标准与地方标准,但在具体的检测内容如检测方法、检测设备和数据处理等方面存在差异和不清晰的地方。本文针对速度型阻尼器和位移型阻尼器,在检测参数、检测方法、判定指标和数据处理方法等方面,对比分析指出不同行业和地方检测标准的异同点,并通过试验验证和理论分析给出了推荐的阻尼器加载制度和参数定义,为相关标准的制定提供参考借鉴。     

Seismic vulnerability evaluation of axially loaded steel built-up laced members Ⅰ: experimental results

An experimental program was initiated to investigate the seismic performance of built-up laced steel bracemembers. Quasi-static testing of twelve typical steel built-up laced member (BLM) specimens was conducted. These weredesigned to span a range of parameters typically encountered for such members based on findings from a survey of commonlyused shapes and details that have been historically used. The specimens were subdivided into groups of three different cross-sectional shapes, namely built-up Ⅰ-shape section, and built-up box shapes buckling about the x or the y axis. Within eachgroup, global and local buckling slenderness ratios had either kl/r values of 60 or 120, and b/t ratios of 8 or 16. The specificinelastic cyclic behavior germane to each specimen, and general observations on overall member hysteretic behavior as afunction of the considered parameters, are reported. A companion paper (Lee and Bruneau 2008) investigates this observedresponse against predictions from analytical models, and behavior in the perspective of system performance.     

2014—2022年古田人工增雨随机试验物理检验

基于2014—2022年福建古田地面火箭人工增雨随机试验样本, 利用回波强度、回波顶高和负温层厚度等雷达宏观参量以及双偏振参量差分反射率和差分相位差, 开展人工增雨随机试验物理检验及催化个例的物理响应研究。结果表明:与作业后非催化样本回波强度小幅上升后快速减弱相比, 81.6%的催化样本在作业后回波强度增强, 其中52.6%的样本最大增幅为0~20%(不含0), 21.1%的样本增幅为20%~50%(不含20%), 7.9%的样本增幅超过50%;作业后52.6%的催化样本出现回波顶高升高和负温层增厚现象, 其中36.8%的样本增长0~20%(不含0), 13.2%的样本增长20%~50%(不含20%), 2.6%的样本增长超过50%;催化样本的双偏振参量差分反射率和差分相位差在作业后也出现持续增强;个例分析显示, 催化作业有助于云体发展、增强和维持, 促使降水量显著增加, 不仅降水粒子增多增大, 云体生命史也延长。     

建设中尺度天气业务平台的若干科学技术问题Ⅱ：建设四大基地,开展应用试验

中国气象科学研究院灾害天气国家重点实验室在广东、湖北、安徽与上海三省一市分别组建华南、华中、江淮以及长三角中尺度观测与应用试验基地,作者以华南基地为例详细介绍了中尺度基地(或中尺度天气业务平台)的实施情况以及新技术的应用,构成了试验性的中尺度天气业务平台,在华南基地建设的基础上分别组建华中、江淮以及长三角三大试验基地,探索提高中尺度灾害天气监测、预报与预警能力的有效途径。     

电子加速器X射线源能谱整形理论与模拟研究

利用能谱整形技术产生的X射线优化能谱可减小伪影误差,提高无损检测材料识别精度。如何利用能谱整形技术产生指定的优化能谱是要解决的关键问题。为解决这一问题,对能谱整形基本理论进行了研究,设定了能谱整形的目标,利用蒙特卡罗方法模拟计算出电子加速器出射X射线能谱,对能谱和整形材料的线性衰减系数进行拟合,计算了能谱整形所需要的相关参数并确定能谱整形方法,运用蒙特卡罗方法模拟验证了所采用的能谱整形方法的合理性。     

Bi-directional pseudodynamic test of a full-size three-storey building

The reliability of a Pseudodynamic (PsD) test depends primarily on the accuracy of the control system. Difficulties arise mainly when the method is applied to very stiff or very heavy structures or to structures with a high number of Degrees of Freedom (DoFs). This paper describes the bi-directional PsD testing of a full-size three-storey building. The tested specimen is a composite structure with plan dimensions of 12×16 m and height of 9·5 m, made of steel columns and beams combined with composite reinforced concrete slabs. The PsD test included the application of two uncorrelated accelerograms along the horizontal directions X and Y. Since the structure was not symmetric about the Y-axis, the possibility of torsion was considered by taking into account both horizontal displacements and the yaw rotation at every floor. Three displacement-controlled hydraulic actuators were thus used at each floor to impose these three DoFs while a fourth actuator with special control strategy was added to optimize the distribution of loads among the pistons. The validity of the testing methodology was verified by performing also a dynamic random burst test on the specimen which was afterwards pseudodynamically reproduced. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Real‐time hybrid testing of a smart base isolation system

Real‐time hybrid testing is a very effective technique for evaluating the dynamic responses of rate‐dependent structural systems subjected to earthquake excitation. A smart base isolation system has been proposed by others using conventional low‐damping isolators and controllable damping devices such as magnetorheological (MR) dampers to achieve specified control target performance. In this paper, real‐time hybrid tests of a smart base isolation system are conducted. The simulation is for a base‐isolated two‐degrees‐of‐freedom building model where the superstructure and the low‐damping base isolator are numerically simulated, and the MR damper is physically tested. The target displacement obtained from the step‐by‐step integration of the numerical substructure is imposed on the MR damper, which is driven by three different control algorithms in real‐time. To compensate the actuator delay and improve the accuracy of the test, an adaptive phase‐lead compensator is implemented. The accuracy of each test is investigated by using the root mean square error and the tracking indicator. Experimental results demonstrate that the hybrid testing procedure using the proposed actuator compensation techniques is effective for investigating the control performance of the MR damper in a smart base isolation system. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.