2010—2011年东海藻华高发区水体层化对东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu)藻华的影响

本文通过2010年和2011年不同时空角度对东海原甲藻藻华进行调查,研究水体层化对藻华发生和发展的影响。结果显示,起初东海原甲藻在50m等深线附近的外海繁殖与聚集,然后随着台湾暖流与长江冲淡水的相互作用,东海区域水体层化现象加剧,其细胞丰度越来越大,直至藻华发生并持续推进到近岸。大部分东海原甲藻细胞位于层化水体上方,而且当水体层化现象明显时,藻华的发展最为迅速且呈大规模爆发状态。结果还显示当出现叶绿素高值层时,总是伴随出现温盐突变现象。本项研究不仅第一次从时间角度记录了东海原甲藻藻华的发展动态,而且还发现了东海水体层化现象为东海原甲藻藻华的发生和发展提供了多种环境因子条件,这为该藻华的监控和预测提供了重要的科学依据。     

A LIMITED-LENGTH-SCALE k-ε MODEL FOR THE NEUTRAL AND STABLY-STRATIFIED ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER

Analytical and numerical models of the neutral and stably-stratifiedatmospheric boundary layer are reviewed. Theoretical arguments andcomputational models suggest that a quasi-steady state is attainable in aboundary layer cooled from below and it is shown how this may be incorporatedwithin a time-steady, one-dimensional model. A new length-scale-limitedk- model is proposed for flows where a global maximum mixing length isimposed by the finite boundary-layer depth or, in stably-stratifiedconditions, by the Obukhov length, whilst still reducing to a form consistentwith the logarithmic law in the surface layer. Simulations compare favourablywith data from the Leipzig experiment and from Cardington airfield inEngland.     

Thermal Stratification in Saldanha Bay (South Africa) and Subtidal, Density-driven Exchange with the Coastal Waters of the Benguela Upwelling System

A study was conducted to understand the mechanisms driving observed subtidal variability in the stratification of Saldanha Bay, located in the southern Benguela system. It was found that the 6–8 day period variability in bay stratification was caused by the inflow and outflow of cold upwelled water driven by changing baroclinic pressure gradients between the coastal and bay domains. The direction and magnitude of the pressure gradients were governed by coastal upwelling activity and a lag in the response of the bay to changes in density structure in the coastal ocean. When the pressure gradients were bayward and cold water was being driven into the bay the cycle was termed to be in an ‘ active phase ’ and the reverse was termed the ‘ relaxation phase ’. The upwelling-favourable equatorward wind stress impacted the bay stratification in two ways: on the regional scale, wind drives upwelling and governs the inflow–outflow of cold upwelled bottom water, which strengthens stratification; conversely, on the local bay scale, wind drives vertical mixing, which weakens stratification. A four-phase model is used to describe the observed variability in stratification in the bay. The associated density-driven exchange flows are capable of flushing the bay in 6–8 days, about one-third of the time for tidal exchange alone (c. 25 days). These inflows of cold bottom water are ecologically critical as they supply nutrients to the bay and thus impose a control on new production within the bay environment. Further ecological implications of this bay–ocean exchange include export of phytoplankton new production to the coast, limitation of the risk of harmful algal blooms (HABs) and the division of the system into two distinct ecosystems (bay and lagoon).     

Lagged rejuvenation of groundwater indicates internal flow structures and hydrological connectivity

Large proportions of rainwater and snowmelt infiltrate into the subsurface before contributing to stream flow and stream water quality. Subsurface flow dynamics steer the transport and transformation of contaminants, carbon, weathering products and other biogeochemistry. The distribution of groundwater ages with depth is a key feature of these flow dynamics. Predicting these ages are a strong test of hypotheses about subsurface structures and time-varying processes. Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)-based groundwater ages revealed an unexpected groundwater age stratification in a 0.47 km² forested catchment called Svartberget in northern Sweden. An overall groundwater age stratification, representative for the Svartberget site, was derived by measuring CFCs from nine different wells with depths of 2–18 m close to the stream network. Immediately below the water table, CFC-based groundwater ages of already 30 years that increased with depth were found. Using complementary groundwater flow models, we could reproduce the observed groundwater age stratification and show that the 30 year lag in rejuvenation comes from return flow of groundwater at a subsurface discharge zone that evolves along the interface between two soil types. By comparing the observed groundwater age stratification with a simple analytical approximation, we show that the observed lag in rejuvenation can be a powerful indicator of the extent and structure of the subsurface discharge zone, while the vertical gradient of the age-depth-relationship can still be used as a proxy of the overall aquifer recharge even when sampled in the discharge zone. The single age stratification profile measured in the discharge zone, close to the aquifer outlet, can reveal the main structure of the groundwater flow pattern from recharge to discharge. This groundwater flow pattern provides information on the participation of groundwater in the hydrological cycle and indicates the lower boundary of hydrological connectivity.     

一种网络空间现象同位模式挖掘的新方法

同位模式的挖掘是空间数据挖掘领域关注的热点问题。目前,对于网络空间现象同位模式挖掘的研究较少。本文将欧氏空间已有方法扩展至网络空间,该方法由两个核心步骤组成:①通过对网络进行划分定义同位腜停范ㄍ止叵担虎诙酝止叵到型臣仆贫先范ㄆ涫欠裎荒J健6陨钲谑兄圃煲倒镜耐荒J酵诰蚪辛朔椒ㄋ得鳎谰菁劬醚е械贾虏导鄣娜只贫哉庑┩荒J浇辛硕ㄐ苑治觯ü胍延蟹椒ǖ谋冉弦约巴纾撕募煅檠橹ち吮疚姆椒ǖ挠行浴€     

ANALYSIS OF THE STRATIFICATION FEATURES OF THE YELLOW SEA AND THE LOCATION OF ITS GENERAL SHELF FRONT IN THE WARM HALF-YEAR

A stratification parameter ,defined as theamount of mechanical energy required to bring about vertical mixing, has been calculated for theYellow Sea using available data over the past ten years.T he monthly distributions of Log are obtained to explain the features of the Yellow Sea stratification.Fronts of the shallow shelf sea are often inseparably related with its stratifications. The front of the Yellow Sea in the warm half-year is generated in May and disappears in November. The shelf front moves shoreward and becomes strong in the heating season, but becomes weak in the cooling season upon return.     

“7·21”北京特大暴雨成因分析(I): 天气特征、层结与水汽条件

利用常规、加密自动气象站以及NCEP1°×1°再分析资料,对北京“7.21”特大暴雨过程天气特征和环境条件进行了初步分析。结果表明：1) 降水过程由锋前暖区和锋面降水组成。暖区降水持续时间长,小时雨量大,具有典型的“列车效应”,是造成特大暴雨的主要降水过程。2) 中高层低涡东移、副热带高压北抬、中低层低涡暖式切变线影响是暴雨主要形势特征,暴雨发生在低层低涡右前部暖式切变和高空强辐散气流下方。3) 暴雨过程开始前对流层中低层存在双层湿暖盖。位势不稳定层结的建立机制主要与低层增湿和中层变干的湿度差动平流有关,而低层增湿和中层变干过程与中低层风向转变相关联。4) 暴雨发生前0 — 6 h对流层整层不断增湿,且对流层中高层比低层增湿效应更加明显。与普通暴雨增湿过程和水汽主要集中在对流层中下层不同,深厚的湿度层次,较低的凝结高度和自由对流高度是其显著特征。     

散粒体斜坡运动堆积特征试验研究

散粒体斜坡俗称“溜砂坡”,对其运动和堆积特征的研究是溜砂坡防治的关键.在斜坡模型架上模拟碎块石的运动过程和堆积过程,探索其颗粒大小、形态与斜坡角的关系.通过堆积体纵剖面取样发现,溜砂坡堆积呈现分形结构,其颗粒质量粒径分布分维数随黏粒含量的增大而增大.     

Hydrochemical characterization of an acid mine drainage-affected reservoir: the Sancho Reservoir,Huelva, southwest Spain

Abstract

The objectives of this study were to discover the relationship between variables in a water reservoir and the hydrochemical variations related to acid mine drainage (AMD), and to describe the horizontal stratification related to vertical salinity and variations in metals present in the region. The information obtained may be used for establishing risk evaluation criteria and to design future remediation strategies, which could be useful for new dams. The hydrochemical characterization was based on a sampling campaign performed in October 2011. A total of 28 samples, at 1-m-deep intervals, were obtained. The hydrogeochemical study of the polluted reservoir shows that the dilution effect is not sufficient to neutralize AMD contributions from mining activity. Sampling carried out from the surface water to the deepest points reveals stratification of the reservoir that allows it to be included in the group of monomictic and holomitic lakes.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor M.D. Fidelibus