包气带黄土环境研究与放射性废物处置

黄土中的粘粒含量较高、比表面积较大、吸附性较强、阳离子交换容量也较高,这些因素对迟滞放射性核素的迁移有利。而且黄土的非饱和渗透系数K(θ)远远低于它的饱水渗透系数K_(?)。使得放射性核素在黄土中的迁移很慢。因此,包气带黄土作为中、低放射性废物处置库的环境屏障是可行的。     

Role of Storm in Ramgarh and West Bokaro Coalfields and Its Implication in Adjacent Peninsular Gondwana Coalfields, India

The Permian Gondwana sediments in the Damodar-Koel Valley, Rajmahal and Deoghar basins were deposited on a northwest palaeoslope in broad valleys within uplands (e.g. Aravalli-Vindhyan, Chattisgarh, Chotanagpur and Santhal Parganas upland). The main winds during Permian Period were mostly the westerly winds coming from the northwest low pressure belt in the Tethys, which found no barrier between the Vindhyan and Santhal Parganas uplands and then changing its direction, moving towards east. Frequent storm activity also took place from the northwest Tethyan low pressure belt and followed the same path of wind. Possibly there was a barrier in the form of a dense rain forest or elevated land at the place of East Bokaro coalfield and its adjoining southern part, which acted as a deterrent and minimized the effect of storm towards further east of the Damodar Valley. Intense tropical hurricanes for the generation of storm generated bedforms, cannot be ruled out, which probably, in some cases, causes marine inundation/flooding deep into the landmass and also mass (?) uprooting of trees.     

中晚全新世湘西莲花洞石笋旋回沉积速率变化及其古气候意义

石笋旋回沉积速率是按照石笋沉积旋回测年得到的沉积速率,是石笋沉积过程的重要参数和反演古气候变化的有效代用指标。旋回沉积速率的波动可能反应了地表温度和降雨量的变化,与夏季风强度存在关联。文章以湖南湘西莲花洞LH2石笋为材料,利用42个230Th年龄获得的石笋旋回沉积速率序列重建了8.6 ka BP以来湖南湘西地区温度和降雨雨量的变化历史: 8.6-4.2 ka BP期间,气候以高温多雨为特征,夏季风强,石笋生长率高,但气候并不稳定,存在一系列千年-百年尺度的波动;4.2-0.05 ka BP期间,气候整体偏冷干,旋回沉积速率偏低。总体上,在轨道尺度上,LH2石笋的旋回沉积速率与该石笋的δ18O值之间存在负相关关系。旋回沉积速率的重复性检验证明了旋回沉积速率古气候记录的有效性。石笋旋回沉积速率变化主要受北半球夏季太阳辐射量的控制和ITCZ的直接影响,在百年尺度上,旋回沉积速率的波动可能与中晚全新世的弱季风事件存在关联。      

黑龙江省松嫩平原南部土壤硒元素循环特征

硒(Se)是生态环境中重要的微量元素,其丰缺与人和动植物健康有着密切关系。选择黑龙江省松嫩平原南部,在多目标区域地球化学调查获取的Se元素数据基础上,采集大气干湿沉降、灌溉水、化肥等土壤硒输入端元,以及植物收割、下渗水等输出端元样品,计算土壤Se输入输出通量,研究土壤硒循环特征,并预测土壤Se未来发展趋势。结果发现:研究区总体上为土壤低Se区,Se不足和潜在Se不足面积占总面积的35.20%;土壤Se的主要输入途径为大气干湿沉降,可达总输入量的70%～90%,主要输出途径为土壤下渗水,约占总输出量的73%;研究区土壤Se为净积累状态,预测表明20年后土壤Se不足和潜在Se不足面积将从目前的35.20%下降到31.7%。     

Hydrological model for urban catchments – analytical development using copulas and numerical solution

Abstract

A model based on analytical development and numerical solution is presented for estimating the cumulative distribution function (cdf) of the runoff volume and peak discharge rate of urban floods using the joint probability density function (pdf) of rainfall volume and duration together with information about the catchment's physical characteristics. The joint pdf of rainfall event volume and duration is derived using the theory of copulas. Four families of Archimedean copulas are tested in order to select the most appropriate to reproduce the dependence structure of those variables. Frequency distributions of runoff event volume and peak discharge rate are obtained following the derived probability distribution theory, using the functional relationship given by the rainfall–runoff process. The model is tested in two urban catchments located in the cities of Chillán and Santiago, Chile. The results are compared with the outcomes of continuous simulation in the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) and with those from another analytical model that assumes storm event duration and volume to be statistically independent exponentially distributed variables.

Citation Zegpi, M. & Fernández, B. (2010) Hydrological model for urban catchments – analytical development using copulas and numerical solution. Hydrol. Sci. J. 55(7), 1123–1136.     

华北北部黑风暴的气候学特征

使用内蒙古中西部72个地面测站1957～1996年历史资料,分析研究了该地区黑风暴的气候学特征,包括黑风暴的地理分布、年代际变化、年际变化、年变化、旬变化、日变化等时间变化特征和强度变化;讨论了形成上述变化特征的气候成因。得到如下结论：内蒙古中西部是黑风暴的易发区和多发区,最大中心位于内蒙古中部的朱日和;黑风暴的时间变化特征显著;强度有较大差异。     

利用T106数值预报产品作江西暴雨动态落区预报

首先将江西测站的降水插值到1°×1°的经纬度网格点上,然后利用1°×1°的T106数值预报产品,对江西网格点上的暴雨送行诊断分析与相关普查,最后建立了江西暴雨动态落区预报模式和动态落区预报流程。     

天津市空气污染数值预报试验中的模式系统

介绍了天津市空气污染数值预报实验中城市空气污染数值预报模式系统的构成及各模块的功能。在天津市空气污染预报实验期间, α中尺度气象模式对区域范围内的逐时风、温、湿及其降水预报取得了较好的效果, 且模式的计算时间短; β中尺度气象模式在边界层内具有较高的垂直分辨率, 模拟结果合理, 其中计算与观测的风向差小于６０ｏ的概率达到６４３％ , 计算与观测的风速比值接近于１; 预报的地面ＳＯ２、ＮＯｘ和ＴＳＰ浓度与同步监测值相比, 城市空气污染预报模式对ＳＯ２和ＮＯｘ的日平均浓度的预报效果较好, 预报准确率达６４０％ , 而对ＴＳＰ的预报则较差     

影响广西的东风波特点

对1980年9月至2003年9月共24a来影响广西的14次东风波天气过程,从其降雨强度、形成特征等作出了统计分析,并从中找出东风波影响广西的预报参考点。     

宁夏中北部地区沙尘暴频率气候影响指数模型的建立

从形成沙尘暴天气的动力机制、热力条件及物质基础入手,定性地分析了月平均风速、湿润度指数、月地面温差及下垫面沙化程度对沙尘暴频率的影响,在此基础上借鉴最新研究进展,建立适合宁夏中北部地区沙尘暴频率气候影响指数模型,比较深入地分析了宁夏中北部地区气候因素对沙尘暴频率的影响。