The Norwegian area frame survey of land cover and outfield land resources

There is a growing demand for reliable information about land cover and land resources. The Norwegian area frame survey of land cover and outfield land resources (AR18X18) is a response to this demand. AR18X18 provides unbiased land cover and land resource statistics and constitutes a baseline for studying changes in outfield land resources in Norway and a framework for a national land resource accounting system for the outfields. The area frame survey uses a systematic sampling technique with 0.9 km² sample plots at 18 km intervals. A complete wall-to-wall land cover map of an entire plot surveyed is obtained in situ by a team of fieldworkers equipped with aerial photographs. The use of sample plots with extended coverage (0.9 km²) ensures that the survey also deals with local variation, thus strengthening the estimates well beyond simple point sampling. The article documents the methodology used in the survey, followed by a discussion of issues raised by the choice of methodology. These issues include the problem of calculating uncertainty and a confidence interval for the estimates, the focus on common rather than rare land cover categories, and the prospect of downscaling the results in order to obtain statistics for subnational regions.     

北京市通州区缓变性地质灾害危险性分区评价

以北京市通州区为例,提出了平原区缓变性地质灾害危险性分区评价方法,建立了单灾种地质灾害危险性分区评价指标体系;在对单灾种地质灾害危险性分区评价的基础上,进行了多灾种地质灾害危险性综合分区评价。评价结果可直接用于城市地质灾害防治规划编制工作,为城市防灾减灾和防治工程的实施提供了科学依据。     

Wavelet Transforms Applied to Irregularly Sampled Soil Data

Wavelet transforms have been used widely to analyse environmental data. These data typically comprise a series of measurements taken at regular intervals in time or space. The analysis offers a decomposition of the data that distinguishes components at different spatial scales but also, unlike Fourier analysis, can resolve local intermittent features. Most wavelet methods require the data to be sampled at regular intervals and little attention has been paid to developing methods for data that are not. In this paper, we derive a discrete Haar wavelet transform for irregularly sampled data and show how the resulting wavelet coefficients can be used to estimate contributions of variance. We discuss the interpretation of these statistics using data on apparent soil electrical conductivity of soil measured across a landscape as an example.     

全液压车载钻机在缺水地区化探取样中的应用研究

针对干旱、半干旱地区缺水的特点,结合化探取样的要求,采用全液压车载钻机空气潜孔锤钻进工艺。结合车载钻机在西北部地区化探取样工作中遇到的问题,由此采取的有效措施、总结取得的经验成果,为该地区工作的进一步开展提供一些参考;同时使空气正反循环工艺在浅层取样的应用上更加完善,更加成熟,给本行业的工程技术人员提供一些思路。     

天然气水合物孔底冷冻取样方法的室内试验研究

本研究提出的天然气水合物孔底冷冻取样方法是利用外部冷源在孔底降低水合物岩心温度,采用主动式降温的方法降低水合物的临界分解压力,达到被动式降压来抑制水合物分解,获得水合物岩心的方法。首先,通过分析天然气水合物温压特性得出了孔底冷冻取样方法的可行性;然后,借助室内冷冻模拟试验确定了干冰为冷冻剂,酒精作为助冷催化剂和载冷剂的冷冻方式;最后,依据冷冻模拟试验得出的干冰法冷冻方式研制了FCS型天然气水合物孔底冷冻取样器样机,并进行了土层钻进冷冻取样试验,取得冷冻黄土岩心。本研究提出天然气水合物孔底冷冻取样思想,为天然气水合物取样器的设计提供了新的思路。     

不同采样设计对估计鱼类空间格局指数的影响

查明渔业种群空间格局可为渔业资源的合理利用和管理提供参考依据.在渔业资源调查中,采样设计会影响调查分析结果的准确性和适用性.为查明采样设计对分析种群空间格局的影响,本文根据2016年10月、2017年2月、5月、8月在山东南部近海调查获得的数据,以星康吉鳗(Conger myri-aster)、方氏云鳚(Enedria...     

平原区中大比例尺土壤地球化学调查采样方法--浙江省平湖市试验研究

文章以浙江省平湖市为典型三角洲平原区,开展了多种尺度、不同采样方法的对比试验。结果表明,田块内土壤元素分布较为均匀,小范围内元素的空间分异性较小,而田块之间土壤元素含量差异性明显增加;Hg,Cd等典型污染元素空间分异性较强,而人为污染扰动较弱的元素的空间分布较为均一;不同采样方法取得的区域性资料,其统计值接近,空间分布模式也相似,但有些元素仍有较明显差异。因此,中大比例尺地球化学调查时,应根据调查研究的目标任务,充分考虑地块分布、土壤类型和土地利用方式,选择合理的采样点。土壤样品可采取多坑点采集、多子样组合的方式,以保证样品的代表性,同时减少分析测试工作量。     

Evaluating sampling efficiency when estimating sediment source contributions to suspended sediment in rivers by fingerprinting

A general method is proposed which measures the increase in uncertainty when sampling effort is reduced in sediment fingerprinting. The method gives quantitative measures of how reduced sampling of material in one of the source areas, and/or of suspended sediment in streams, increases the uncertainties in the proportions of sediment contributed from the sources. Because the proportions of sediment contributed by the source areas must add to one, standard errors of the estimated proportions cannot be used as the usual measures of uncertainty: the paper uses instead the volume of the joint 95% confidence region for the estimated proportions. The paper shows how the uncertainty in this volume changes as numbers of suspended sediment samples, and the numbers of samples collected from cropped fields, are reduced by successive steps from 24 (20, in the case of cropped fields) to 16, 12, 8, 4 and 2 samples. As expected, uncertainty increases rapidly as the number of samples – whether of suspended sediment or from cropped fields – is reduced drastically. The pattern of increasing uncertainty is similar both for reductions in suspended sediment sampling, and for reduced sampling from cropped areas. When the number of suspended sediment samples, and the number of samples from cropped fields, are reduced to the same values, the increase in uncertainty from fewer suspended sediment samples was always slightly greater than the increased uncertainty from the reduced sampling of cropped areas, although this finding took no account of differences in the costs of field sampling and laboratory analysis. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Micro‐sampling Lu–Hf geochronology reveals episodic garnet growth and multiple high‐P metamorphic events

We present Lu–Hf dates from multiple growth zones within two large garnet porphyroblasts by a micro‐sampling method. A single eclogite sample, taken from the Huwan shear zone in the Hong'an orogen, was investigated with Lu–Hf geochronology by micro‐sampling and traditional bulk separation methods. The sample contains a few large garnet porphyroblasts up to several centimetres in diameter and a second major population of smaller (0.1–2.0 mm) garnet porphyroblasts, comprised of dark cores and pale rims. Elemental compositions and mineral inclusions in the garnet appear consistent with two garnet generations. Lu–Hf dates (c. 400–264 Ma) were determined from twelve micro‐sawed garnet sections from two large garnet porphyroblasts. These Lu–Hf dates overlap with age peaks defined by 115 SIMS zircon U–Pb analyses from the same eclogite sample. Bulk analyses of smaller garnet separates define a minimum date of c. 306 Ma and a maximum date of c. 252 Ma for the dark cores and pale rims respectively. These Lu–Hf dates were interpreted to bracket the period of garnet growth and the broad interval from c. 400 to 264 Ma is best explained by protracted and episodic garnet growth, which may require that these rocks experienced two subduction cycles that were initiated during the Devonian and terminated in the Triassic.     

岩石力学试验中试样选择和抗压强度预测方法研究

岩石力学试验是岩石力学的基础,是研究岩石力学与工程的重要手段之一,但岩石力学试验的结果往往要受到很多因素的影响,试验结果的离散是普遍存在的,有时可能会得到完全相反的结论。以超声波传播速度、回弹值与岩石强度之间相互关系为基础,综合两种方法的优点,把超声-回弹综合法应用到岩石试样选择中,在正式试验之前,挑出那些可能会使试验结果很离散的试样,可以提高室内试验的测试准确程度。实践表明,这种综合选样方法具有较好的适用性,对有缺陷的试样有较好的识辨能力,而且方便、快速、对试样没有损伤,同时,超声-回弹综合法可以较好地预测岩石的抗压强度。因此,这种综合方法在岩石试样选择和强度预测中值得借鉴。