环境取样钻机的关键技术及发展趋势研究

环境质量同生活品质密切相关,环境取样钻机在环境质量检测中扮演着不可或缺的角色。本文综述了直推式、声频振动式和回转式环境取样钻机的工作原理及发展历程,总结了国内外钻机在智能化、结构紧凑程度和外观造型上的差距,提出了环境取样钻机的关键能力,包括移动能力、钻进能力和样品保真能力,指出了环境取样钻机将朝着动力采用清洁能源、自动分析样品和适应多种场合的方向发展。     

船载水样自动采集与分配系统所采水样的适用性研究

为研究船载水样自动采集与分配系统(自动采样系统)所采水样的适用性,在胶州湾海域用自动采样系统和传统采水器两种方式采集水样,在陆基实验室进行了测定,并应用方差分析和相关分析对数据进行了统计分析。结果表明,自动采样系统输送的水样可以满足营养盐和重金属常规监测的需要,并且提高了采样效率。首次探讨了自动采样系统与传统采水器对采样分析结果的影响。     

陆生节肢动物采集方法比较(英文)

陆生节肢动物是生态系统的十分重要组成部分。面对广泛分布的陆生节肢动物,如何选择最合适采集方法是长期以来被探讨的话题。本文介绍了一些常用的陆生节肢动物采集方法。我们将其分为三大类:有"活动密度"缺点的被动采集方法,无"活动密度"缺点的被动采集方法以及带有内在"活动密度"缺点的主动采集方法,并探讨了各种方法的优缺点,为生物多样性研究以及病虫害防治工作提供了基础。如何选择合适的采集方法主要取决与采集的目的以及目标物种的生活习性,在大多数情况下,多种不同的采集方法组合将会有较好的效果。     

Incremental dynamic analysis for estimating seismic performance sensitivity and uncertainty

Incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) is presented as a powerful tool to evaluate the variability in the seismic demand and capacity of non‐deterministic structural models, building upon existing methodologies of Monte Carlo simulation and approximate moment‐estimation. A nine‐story steel moment‐resisting frame is used as a testbed, employing parameterized moment‐rotation relationships with non‐deterministic quadrilinear backbones for the beam plastic‐hinges. The uncertain properties of the backbones include the yield moment, the post‐yield hardening ratio, the end‐of‐hardening rotation, the slope of the descending branch, the residual moment capacity and the ultimate rotation reached. IDA is employed to accurately assess the seismic performance of the model for any combination of the parameters by performing multiple nonlinear timehistory analyses for a suite of ground motion records. Sensitivity analyses on both the IDA and the static pushover level reveal the yield moment and the two rotational‐ductility parameters to be the most influential for the frame behavior. To propagate the parametric uncertainty to the actual seismic performance we employ (a) Monte Carlo simulation with latin hypercube sampling, (b) point‐estimate and (c) first‐order second‐moment techniques, thus offering competing methods that represent different compromises between speed and accuracy. The final results provide firm ground for challenging current assumptions in seismic guidelines on using a median‐parameter model to estimate the median seismic performance and employing the well‐known square‐root‐sum‐of‐squares rule to combine aleatory randomness and epistemic uncertainty. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

DNAPLs污染含水层多相流数值模拟模型的替代模型

针对表面活性剂强化的重非水相流体(DNAPLs)污染的含水层修复问题,在建立多相流数值模拟模型的基础上,应用拉丁超立方采样(LHS)方法,在多相流模拟模型可控输入变量的可行域内采样,有效提高了采样效率和覆盖程度。根据采集的样品数据集,运用多元回归分析方法建立多相流模拟模型的替代模型--双响应面模型,为DNAPLs污染含水层修复过程的优化设计的耦合技术探索新的理论和方法。经检验,替代模型计算结果的相对误差均小于10%,精度较高,说明其在功能上充分逼近模拟模型。运用替代模型实现模拟模型与优化模型的连接,可以大幅度减少优化模型计算过程中直接多次反复调用模拟模型所引起的庞大计算负荷。     

潜孔锤钻进孔口密封器流场数值模拟及优化设计

为定向收集风动潜孔锤钻进时排出的岩矿样,降低粉尘污染同时提高岩矿样采取率,对孔口密封器内流场进行了计算流体动力学分析（CFD）,分别讨论了传统密封器、隔板式密封器、流线型式密封器结构形式及其相关结构参数（隔板位置L、出口直径d、出口角度θ）对密封效果的影响规律并进行优化设计。分析表明,三类密封器密封效果受结构形式和出口直径d影响最为明显:当d为40～160 mm时,隔板式和流线式密封器密封效果远好于传统密封器;当d>160 mm时,隔板式密封器与传统密封器的效果相当,而流线式密封器的效果始终是三者当中最好的。经现场试验证明,采用优化过的孔口密封器对岩矿样实施定向收集,除尘效果很好,且岩矿样平均采取率可达97%。     

GPS eTrex定位导航技术在莱州湾海域取样过程中的应用

概述了GPS eTrex工作原理、性能特点,详细介绍在莱州湾海域的采样过程中GPS eTrex的导航定位情况,对定位精度与定住所用的时间进行了分析比较,证明手持GPS技术提高了海上作业的工作效率。     

小倾角钻探工艺技术在绿色勘查中的应用

以钻代槽是覆盖区解决矿产勘查与生态环境保护间矛盾的有效技术手段,针对目前浅层取样技术在覆盖区应用过程中存在的问题,综合国内外先进的地表勘查用便携式取样钻探设备和工艺技术方法,结合生态文明建设和绿色勘查的要求,开展小倾角（≤30°）钻探工艺技术研究,采用全液压便携钻机、铝合金底枕、锚管固定、泵送内管总成和打捞器取心、跟管护壁、全倾角测斜等相结合的钻探工艺技术方法,并取得成功应用。     

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Impact of sampling rate of IGS satellite clock on precise point positioning

Both static and kinematic testings are investigated by using IGS 5min, 30s and 5s-interval precise satellite clock products in precise point positioning (PPP) solution. Test results show that the sampling rate of IGS satellite clock has very little effect on the static PPP solution. All the three types of sampling intervals of precise satellite clock can satisfy mm-cm level of positioning accuracy; higher sampling rate has no significant improvement for PPP solution. However, sampling rate of satellite clock has a significant impact on the PPP solution in kinematic PPP. The higher the interval of satellite clock, the better the accuracy achieved. The accuracy of kinematic PPP achieved by using 30s-interval precise satellite clock is improved by nearly 30–50 percent with respect to the solution by using 5min-interval precise satellite clock, but using 5s and 30s-interval satellite clock can almost produce the same accuracy of kinematic solution. Moreover, the use of precise satellite clock products from different analysis centers may also produce more or less effect on the PPP solution.