Quantitative relationship between pollen and vegetation in northern China

205 surface pollen samples from different communities in Northern China were analyzed to understand the quantitative relationship between pollen and its original vegetation. Pollen analysis and vegetation investigation show that the pollen assemblages differ a lot in different vegetation regions. Arboreal pollen account for more than 30% in temperate broad-deciduous forests region. In temperate steppe regions, herb pollen percentages are more than 90%, where Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae are domi- nant pollen types with Artemisia percentages more than 30%. In temperate desert, Chenopodiaceae pollen percentages are more than Artemisia, where ferns are rare. Cyperaceae pollen percentages are more than 20% in sub-alpine or cold meadows. The relations between pollen percentages and vegeta- tion cover indicate that most arboreal pollen shows a close relationship with parent plant covers, most shrubby pollen types have more or less correlations, but most herbs do not show clear correlations. For arboreal pollen types, Picea pollen shows the closest correlation with spruce trees coverage, then is Quercus and Carpinus. Betula, Larix and Juglans have also high correlation coefficients with their plants coverage, but Betula pollen is of overrepresented pollen type and more than 40% in birch forest, while Larix and Juglans pollen is underrepresented and pollen percentages are more than 10% in Larix or Juglans pure forests. Pinus is of overrepresented pollen type, and pollen percentages have some relations with plants cover. Pine forest might present when Pinus pollen percentages are more than 30%. The relations between Ulmus and Populus pollen percentages and vegetation cover are not close, where they are mixed with other arbors, they cannot be recorded easily, but if their pollen percentages are more than 1%, Ulmus or Populus trees should exist. For shrubby pollen types, the correlation be- tween Vitex pollen percentages and vegetation cover is the highest, then is Corylus, Tamariaceae and Nitraria, and their pollen percentages are less than 1% where original plant are absent. Caragana and Spiraea pollen percentages have some relations with vegetation cover. The relations between pollen percentages and vegetation cover are not clear for Rosaceae and Saxifragaceae. For herb pollen types, Cyperaceae pollen has the closest correlation with vegetation cover, where pollen percentages are more than 20% when Cyperaceae are constructive or dominant species in vegetation, and pollen per- centages are less than 5% where Cyperaceae are not constructive or dominant species (cover less than 30%). Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae pollen percentages mainly have close relations with ecological regions. The relations between pollen percentages and cover are not clear for Gramineae, Legumi- nosae and Compositae.     

人类活动对海河流域径流系列一致性影响的分析

从地下水开发利用、水土保持生态建设两方面分析流域降水径流关系变化的成因,说明山丘区、平原区径流系列一致性修正方法,提出一致性、代表性较好的径流成果。结果表明,进行一致性修正后,海河流域1956～1979年平均年径流量较第一次水资源评价减少11.1%,且山丘区减少幅度小于平原区。     

北京石花洞第四纪钟乳石剖面的年代学研究

北京石花洞位于房山花岗岩体边缘向形带的东北扬起端,与北京猿人遗址南北相望。地层为460Ma前形成的中奥陶统马家沟组石灰岩,洞穴大形态从25Ma前的上新世开始形成,洞内钟乳石从0.37Ma前的中更新世开始形成。在中国岩溶洞穴中,北京石花洞的层数最多,洞穴钟乳石种类齐全,裂隙渗透水沉积的石盾多、体积大,滴水沉积的石笋叠置关系明显,池水沉积的月奶石发育好,全新世石笋微层理发育清晰。该洞的大形态反映了北京西山新构造运动的期次,可以同华北地文期和永定河阶地对比,洞内钟乳石记录了中更新世以来北京西山古环境的变化,可以建立第四纪剖面,与周口店洞穴群碎屑沉积物剖面进行对比。钙板的铀系年龄为334.99～366.74ka,可定名钙板组。粗犷石笋的铀系年龄为169～235ka,粗犷石笋的电子自旋共振年龄为130～518ka,为中更新世沉积,可定名云水洞组。杆状石笋的铀系年龄为14.9±2.1～100.3±11.1ka,为晚更新世沉积,可定名石花洞组。在全新世石笋中,微层与微层之间存在厚约1μm的条带状纹线,是划分微层层数的标志,具有微层理的石笋14C年龄为为0.58～2.50ka,AMS14C年龄为为130±100～670±130a,可定名守备支洞组。     

USE OF RAPD FOR DETECTING AND IDENTIFYING PORPHYRA (BANGIALES, RHODOPHYTA)

imDUCnONManymolectilarbiologybasedDNAtecboqUesPbodepowrfulmeansforstUdvingofgeneticvariationandphylDgenehcrelationships.AmoleculartecboqUebasedonthePOl}-menachainreaction(PCR)isaneffeChvetoolforraPididentificationofgeneticTnarersknownasRandomAInPlifiedPolymorphicDNA(m)(Wlliamsetal.,l99o;Welsh&McClelland,l99o).Sucheders,derivedfromPrindngsitesrandoInldistributedthIDughoutthegenome,areinheritedinaMendelianPatem.ThesePOlyTnorphismsallowtheanalsisofcomplexgenomeswithoutPriorknoWl…     

人地关系的地图表现──开县土地人口容量图编制过程

运用地图的表现手法,研究土地和人口之间的复合关系,设计出新的人地关系图种土地人口容量图,阐述了土地人口容量图编制原则、方法和特点．     

三维空间实体间拓扑关系的矩阵描述

三维空间实体及其间拓扑关系的语义描述和形式化表达是三维ＧＩＳ空间数据建模的重要理论基础。在ｋ－维流形的三维空间实体形式化描述方法的基础上,根据三维空间实体的可剖分性,采用顾及维数的九元组描述框架,研究用于构成三维实体的ｋ－单纯形（０≤ｋ≤３）之间的拓扑空间关系,继而研究三维实体间的拓扑空间关系。     

Mantle heat flow and geotherms for major tectonic units in central Europe

The results of seismic measurements along the deep seismic sounding profile VII and terrestrial heat flow measurements used for construction of heat generation models for the crust in the Paleozoic Platform region, the Sudetic Mountains (Variscan Internides) and the European Precambrian Platform show considerable differences in mantle heat flow and temperatures. At the base of the crust variations from 440–510°C in the models of Precambrian Platform to 700–820°C for the Paleozoic Platform and the Variscan Internides (Sudets) are found. These differences are associated with considerable mantle heat flow variations.The calculated models show mantle heat flow of about 8.4–12.6 mW m^–2 for the Precambrian Platform and 31 mW m^–2 to 40.2 mW m^–2 for Paleozoic orogenic areas. The heat flow contribution originating from crustal radioactivity is almost the same for the different tectonic units (from 33.5 mW m^–2 to 37.6 mW m^–2). Considerable physical differences in the lower crust and upper mantle between the Precambrian Platform and the adjacent areas, produced by lateral temperature variations, could be expected. On the basis of carbon ratio data it can be concluded that the Carboniferous paleogeothermal gradient was much lower in the Precambrian Platform area than in the Paleozoic Platform region.     

Relationships between rainy days,mean daily intensity and seasonal rainfall in normal,flood and drought years over india

There are limitations in using the seasonal rainfall total in studies of Monsoon rainfall climatology. A correlation analysis of the individual station seasonal rainfall with all India seasonal mean rainfall has been made. After taking the significance test (strictly up to 5% level) the stations which are significantly correlated have been considered in this study in normal, flood and drought years respectively. Analysis of seasonal rainfall data of 50 stations spread over a period of 41 years suggests that a linear relationship fits better than the logarithmic relationship when seasonal rain-fall versus number of rainy days is studied. The linear relationship is also found to be better in the case of seasonal rainfall versus mean daily intensity.     

浅探兰州市城区大气环境污染与治理的若干问题

介绍了兰州市城区大气污染的物理机制和客观成因,总结了目前正在采用或论证的一些治理措施和方法,并对这些进行了分析与讨论,提出了今后应重点研究的几个问题,最后对兰州市城区大气污染的治理提出了一些初步看法与建议。