缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)规模增殖放流对三沙湾滩涂底质环境改良的效果

于2013-2014 年在三沙湾选择增殖放流区Ⅰ区和Ⅱ区, 开展了2 批次的缢蛏增殖放流, 计 放流缢蛏苗数量约3747 万粒。采用对缢蛏生长、生物量动态变化和滩涂底质主要因子跟踪监测的方 法, 开展对缢蛏增殖放流效果的评估。研究结果, 2 个增殖放流区的缢蛏密度和缢蛏生物量都比对照 区有极显著提高, 共收获65 吨缢蛏大规格苗, 增殖放流产出比为1: 8.0-9.0, 获得了一定的资源增 殖效果和经济效益。放流期间, 滩涂底泥中的氧化还原电位、硫化物和有机碳等浓度在增殖区Ⅰ区、 Ⅱ区和对照区之间都无显著差异(P>0.05), 但, 底泥中Ⅰ区、Ⅱ区的氧化还原电位平均值分别比对照 区提高了26%和18%, 硫化物浓度平均值分别比对照区降低了45%和34%, 有机碳浓度平均值分别 比对照区下降了5.8%和6.8%, 表明, 缢蛏增殖放流获得了一定的改良底质环境效果。     

A review of the assessments of the major fisheries resources in South Africa

The waters off South Africa's coastline boast a rich mix of commercially fished species. Quantitative assessments of these marine resources have developed from simple methods first applied in the 1970s, to models that encompass a wide range of methodologies. The more valuable resources have undergone regular assessments in recent decades, with frequencies closely related to the management approach employed for each fishery. Many of these assessments form the operating models used to simulation-test candidate management procedures. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the assessments of 11 of the most important fisheries resources in South Africa. Some assessments use simple biomass dynamics models, whereas others are a hybrid of age- and length-based models, each designed to model the specific characteristics of the resource and fishery concerned. Many of the assessments have been disaggregated by species/stock and/or area as related multispecies/stock/ distribution hypotheses have arisen. This paper explores the similarities and differences in the data available and the methods applied. The review indicates that, whereas the status of three of these resources cannot be estimated reliably at present, the status of six resources is considered to be reasonable to good, whereas that of abalone Haliotis midae and West Coast rock lobster Jasus lalandii remains poor.     

The effects of stock size and environmental variability on Cape hake recruitment in Namibia: an unsolved puzzle (a comment on Kainge et al. 2013)

Measuring and forecasting recruitment are central to the understanding and management of fish stocks. Kainge et al. (2013) studied the effect of spawning stock size and environmental fluctuations on the recruitment levels of the Cape hake Merluccius capensis in Namibia. However, their study contains some flaws that undermine the conclusion that Cape hake recruitment is under the influence of upwelling in summer. Until those flaws are properly addressed, this conclusion, in our view, should be treated with caution.     

Analysis of genetic diversity and differentiation of seven stocks of Litopenaeus vannamei using microsatellite markers

Seven microsatellite markers were used to evaluate the genetic diversity and differentiation of seven stocks of Litopenaeus vannamei, which were introduced from Central and South America to China. All seven microsatellite loci were polymorphic, with polymorphism information content(PIC) values ranging from 0.593 to 0.952. Totally 92 alleles were identified, and the number of alleles(Na) and effective alleles(Ne) varied between 4 and 21 and 2.7 and 14.6, respectively. Observed heterozygosity(Ho) values were lower than the expected heterozygosity(He) values(0.526–0.754), which indicated that the seven stocks possessed a rich genetic diversity. Thirty-seven tests were detected for reasonable significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Fis values were positive at five loci, suggesting that there was a relatively high degree of inbreeding within stocks. Pairwise Fst values ranged from 0.0225 to 0.151, and most of the stock pairs were moderately differentiated. Genetic distance and cluster analysis using UPGMA revealed a close genetic relationship of L. vannamei between Pop2 and Pop3. AMOVA indicated that the genetic variation among stocks(11.3%) was much lower than that within stocks(88.7%). Although the seven stocks had a certain degree of genetic differentiation and a rich genetic diversity, there is an increasing risk of decreased performance due to inbreeding in subsequent generations.     

National comprehensive approaches for rebuilding fisheries in South Korea

Korea's coastal and offshore fisheries have experienced reduction in their catch in the early 2000. The amount of catch from coastal and offshore fisheries dropped from 1.7 million tons in 1986 to 1 million tons in 2004. To address such catch reduction, fish stock enhancement programs have been constantly developed and implemented. However, as fish stocks have been estimated to decrease since 2000 in spite of various management measures, the Korean Government genuinely acknowledges the necessity to enhance fisheries productivity through the recovery of depleted fish stocks. Based on such acknowledgement, a fish stock rebuilding plan (FSRP) combined with conventional fish stock enhancement programs was established in 2005. For stocks which have shown drastic decrease, a FSRP was set up and promoted. So far, 10 FSRPs have been established and operated, and plan is being made to expand them to 20 species by 2012. The result of pilot projects shows that stocks have been increasing after the introduction of FSRPs. For instance, the catch per unit effort (CPUE) of sandfish in the East Sea has increased from 0.44 in 2005 to 0.78 in 2011. Consequently, fishing income has increased by 15%. The key lessons learned during the implementation of FSRP are: the causes for the decrease of stock vary and are complicated and it is necessary to adjust and eliminate some conventional policies that could have unforeseen negative impacts on fish stocks. The FSRP-based fisheries management policy in Korea carries great significance, for it has changed the focus of policy from simply maintaining the status quo to stock recovery and it allows relevant stakeholders to get actively involved in the procedures of establishing and promoting the plan, leading to effective implementation of the plan. The current FSRP is operated with species, but if it can be gradually expanded to encompass the whole ecosystem, it will greatly contribute to more effective management and fish stock recovery for all species in offshore and coastal waters surrounding Korea.     

中国铝物质流历史变化分析和再生铝资源利用研究

本文采用物质流分析(Material Flow Analysis, MFA)的方法, 构建了铝全生命周期动态物质流分析框架, 自上而下的追踪了1949—2021年中国铝的流量、存量和供需情况。结果表明: 1)1949—2021年中国铝土矿铝物质累计流入量5.86亿t, 国内开采与进口各占一半左右。实际铝物质累计消费量3.74亿t。生命周期内铝损失严重, 铝物质损失量2.39亿t。2)2021年人均铝物质社会存量208.9 kg/人, 与同经济发展时期的北美、日本基本一致。3)1990年以来中国再生铝产量快速增长, 累计0.77亿t, 以国内生产为主, 占比76.7%。随着含铝产品到达寿命及未来铝需求量的持续走高, 将迎来含铝产品的报废时代。建议从全生命周期的角度出发, 减少铝在各个环节的损失量; 合理布局再生铝产业, 提高再生铝的利用, 优化铝供应结构, 促进铝工业低碳转型, 支撑“双碳”目标的实现。     

Carbon stock of oil palm plantations and tropical forests in Malaysia: A review

In Malaysia, the main land change process is the establishment of oil palm plantations on logged‐over forests and areas used for shifting cultivation, which is the traditional farming system. While standing carbon stocks of old‐growth forest have been the focus of many studies, this is less the case for Malaysian fallow systems and oil palm plantations. Here, we collate and analyse Malaysian datasets on total carbon stocks for both above‐ and below‐ground biomass. We review the current knowledge on standing carbon stocks of 1) different forest ecosystems, 2) areas subject to shifting cultivation (fallow forests) and 3) oil palm plantations. The forest ecosystems are classified by successional stage and edaphic conditions and represent samples along a forest succession continuum spanning pioneer species in shifting cultivation fallows to climax vegetation in old‐growth forests. Total carbon stocks in tropical forests range from 4 to 384 Mg C/ha, significantly wider than the range of total carbon stocks of oil palm plantations, 2 to 60 Mg C/ha. Conversion of old‐growth forest areas to oil palm plantations leads to substantial reduction in carbon storage, while conversion of forest fallows to oil palm plantations may sustain or even increase the standing carbon stock.     

储良广眼砧穗不亲和问题研究

储良广眼的砧穗不亲和现象在众多个体中呈现从亲和至不亲和的连续变化，随砧、穗周长差异的增大，不亲和症状表现突出。砧、穗周长比值与几个生长量指标存在显著相关。提出以砧／穗比作为衡量不亲和程度指标。靠接加砧结果表明对严重不亲和树出现的症状有较大的缓解。     

Spatial pattern recognition by decomposition

The decomposition problem—the assignment of sample observations to component populations—is studied in a spatial context. The observations are spatially located and the assignment to component populations takes into account the value of each observation as well as the values of neighboring observations. Both parameter estimation and assignment rules use a new method that integrates a standard multivariate decomposition algorithm with nonlinear regression. The method is illustrated and tested with artificial data. The distribution of the trace component Cr₂O₃ in recent Lake Michigan sediments is, then, analyzed by the method. It yields a pattern of component populations that is correlated with the Lake's bottom structure and depositional environments. Study carried out as visiting scholar at the Department of Geological Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois U.S.A.     

THE WAVELENGTH COMPONENT VECTORGRAM: A TOOL FOR RESOLVING TWO-COMPONENT FLUORESCENT MIXTURES

We consider the problem of resolving the total luminescence spectra of two-component mixtures.Non-negativity of the constituent spectra is commonly used as a criterion to accomplish this resolution,but its application seldom leads to unique answers. Sometimes, the condition must be relaxed because nosolution satisfying non-negativity exists. In these cases judgments must be made concerning which partsof the spectra will be allowed to go negative and by how much. The wavelength component vectorgramn (WCV) is presented here as a tool for assisting theexperimenter in making these judgments. Even when non-negative resolutions exist, it may happen thatresolutions with slight negative elements will more closely match the spectra of the pure constituents.The WCV can also be used as a tool for detecting these cases. The methodology is illustrated with realdata from a two-component mixture.