A damage-based definition of effective peak acceleration

This paper presents a rational basis for obtaining the Effective Peak Acceleration (EPA) of a given ground motion process. The proposed formulation considers the statistical variability in the ground motion, and is centred on the idea of explicitly linking EPA with expected cumulative damage in the structures due to the inelastic excursions. The structural behaviour has been modelled by a Single-Degree-Of-Freedom (SDOF) bilinear hysteretic oscillator. EPA is considered to be the expected PGA of a scaled ground motion process such that this oscillator undergoes a specified expected damage under the unscaled process if it is linearly designed for the scaled process. For estimation of the damage, the oscillator has been replaced by an equivalent linear oscillator through stochastic averaging. A parametric study has been carried out to investigate the dependence of EPA on several governing parameters, and it has been shown that despite the strong dependence of EPA on oscillator time period, it may be possible to obtain ‘period-averaged’ EPA values for several ground motion processes for engineering applications. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于FY-2遥感数据的台风中心定位

针对台风在形成和消散阶段中心定位准确率较低的问题,本文提出了一种基于云导风的方法,使用的遥感数据来源于FY-2气象卫星的红外通道。该方法首先对红外序列遥感图像进行金字塔分解,然后基于加权的中值滤波光流模型构建云导风场,最后利用密度矩阵计算台风中心。选择2014年真实形成于西北太平洋的台风Rammasun和Halong进行案例分析,结果表明该方法对台风整个生命周期阶段的检测结果均较准确。     

利用卫星遥感和再分析数据刻画2017-2018年格陵兰北部罕见冰间湖事件

以90%海冰密集度为阈值,基于卫星遥感数据,2017-2018年冰季在格陵兰北部识别了两次冰间湖事件,分别出现在冬季和夏季。冬季的冰间湖事件从2018年2月20日持续至3月3日,夏季的事件从8月2日持续到9月5日。AMSR2被动微波的海冰密集度产品表明,冬季和夏季冰间湖事件对应的最低海冰密集度分别为72%和65%。两次冰间湖事件都与格陵兰北部东西气压梯度异常引起的南风加强有关,而气压梯度的异常则与对流层中部极涡的扰动有关。冬季冰间湖事件期间,相对暖和的气温和频繁出现的冰间湖,导致冬季海冰生长不持续,海冰热力增厚较小,这为夏季海冰发生破碎并形成冰间湖创造了条件。南风减弱和新冰生成是冬季冰间湖消失的主要原因。对于夏季的冰间湖,导致其消失的主要原因则是从北部输入的浮冰增加。Sentinel-1 合成孔径雷达产品相对AMSR2被动微波观测产品更加适合于应用到冰间湖事件伴随的新冰生长,这与前者具有更高的空间分辨率有关。格陵兰北部是北冰洋多年冰的聚集地,该区域被认为是北冰洋海冰的“避难所”。因此区域在2017-2018年出现罕见的冰间湖事件,对于整个北冰洋海冰的快速减少具有重要意义,也助于北冰洋海冰,尤其是多年冰的消退。     

基于图像处理的异重流与系泊结构物作用模型试验研究

异重流广泛存在于江河入海口附近,速度快、破坏力强,给近海工程的施工作业带来不小的难度。为了研究系泊结构物在异重流作用下的运动响应,基于图像处理技术,采用开闸式异重流模型试验方法,将异重流和结构物作为研究对象。利用图像处理技术处理由高速摄像机拍摄的结构物运动图片,从而获得结构物运动的时历曲线。对比讨论了不同密度比的异重流对结构物运动的影响,同一密度比的异重流对处于不同深度结构物运动的影响。研究结果表明：结构物运动受异重流密度的影响较大,结构物的运动幅值随着密度的增大而增大。处于高密度流体非混合层的结构物受到异重流的作用会产生大幅度的顺时针旋转和正x方向偏移;位置较高的方柱受到淡水的主导作用,会产生逆时针旋转和负x方向偏移。位于盐水与淡水剧烈混合区域的方柱并不会产生单一方向的偏移,而是在平衡位置附近波动。     

Experimental study on the hydrodynamic performance of rectangular floating breakwater influenced by reef areas

Abstract

In this paper, series of experimental studies under regular wave actions to investigate the hydrodynamic performance of the rectangular floating breakwater (FB) affected by reefs with different slopes were carried out in a wave flume. The wave transmission coefficients, motion responses and mooring forces can be calculated on the basis of the data obtained from the experiments. A comparative experiment of the only rectangular FB is also conducted. The experimental results reveal that the rectangular FB with different reefs can make more positive effects on wave energy dissipation than that of the only rectangular FB, especially for short-period waves. The characteristics of three degrees of freedom of the rectangular FB affected by reefs are also observed, which can be used to further explain the variation tendency appeared in transmission coefficients. The roll motion of the FB influenced by reefs is intenser than that of the only FB and the changes of slopes have limited effects on the sway motion of the FB. Furthermore, the heave motion of the only rectangular FB is intenser than that of the FB affected by reefs for short-period waves and vice versa for long-period waves.     

东海陆架区中尺度涡运动路径的统计特征分析

基于1993—2017年卫星高度计海面高度异常中尺度涡旋追踪数据集,对东海陆架区及从西北太平洋入侵东海的涡旋进行路径分类、季节变化及特征参量统计分析,并结合再分析流场资料,进行背景流场、涡度场分析。研究结果显示,近25 a,在东海追踪到318个气旋涡和276个反气旋涡。根据涡旋运动路径将其分为:东海陆架浅海生成往深海传播型(148个)、深海生成向东海陆架浅海传播型(35个)、沿等深线运动型(180个)、徘徊型(121个)、外来入侵到达东海陆架型(25个)及外来入侵到达东海深海型(85个)。6类涡旋的数量存在明显的季节分布,各个类型气旋与反气旋涡数量的季节分布也各不相同。其中,沿等深线运动型涡在春、夏季的数量高于秋、冬季。陆架浅海区生成往深海运动型涡的季节分布较为平均,气旋式涡在夏季数量最少,在春季和冬季数量较多。黑潮与涡旋数量的季节分布有关。徘徊型涡的平均生命周期最长,约为44 d;陆架浅海生成往深海运动型及外来入侵到达东海陆架的中尺度涡具有最大的平均振幅,为13.2 cm;外来入侵到达东海陆架型涡具有最大的直径,为122 km;外来入侵到达东海深海型涡在进入东海后的生命周期、振幅、直径在数值上均为最小。     

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A set of canonical problems in sloshing, Part I: Pressure field in forced roll—comparison between experimental results and SPH

In this article, impact pressure in the case of shallow water sloshing is investigated experimentally and numerically for forced rolling motion. The maximum values of impact pressures have been found for a frequency lower than the first sloshing frequency. Experimental results are compared with numerical ones obtained using smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH). The influence of viscosity and of density re-initialization on the SPH results are discussed. A new method for calculating the pressure on walls with SPH is presented.     

南海北部沙波区海底强流的内波特征及其对沙波运动的影响

2008年3月6日至2008年4月9日, 在南海北部外陆架与陆坡上的沙波区进行了海底流速的连续观测,观测结果表明潮流与海流较弱,但时有流速达30—77cm.s-1的海底强流发生。强流方向与南海北部内波传播方向相对应,多分布在偏NW向与偏SE向。偏SE向流强于偏NW向流,与内波在传播方向上的下坡流大于上坡流的特征一致。对流速序列进行了旋转功率谱分析,结果表明,高于M2分潮的频率中,众多的振荡分量具有内波流性质,说明阵发性强流为内波所致。采用观测流速计算了沙波的移动速度,计算结果得出强流能起动海底泥沙,由于NW向传播（上坡方向）的内波导致了SE向（下坡方向）的净流动,沙波偏SE向移动,但沙波移动速度不大,小型沙波移动速度小于1.6m.a-1。采用潮流、风暴潮耦合模型计算了强台风驱动的海底流速过程,表明潮流、风暴潮耦合也能移动海底沙波,但沙波移动方向与台风路径相关,不一定为SE向,且移动距离更小,潮流、风暴潮耦合不是沙波移动的主要动力机制。