高光谱图像滚动引导递归滤波与地物分类

高光谱图像类内光谱变化较大,"同物异谱"现象普遍存在。利用原始地物光谱特征进行分类精度较低而且分类结果图中存在"椒盐现象"。为了获得好的分类结果,必须充分利用高光谱图像的光谱信息和空间信息,减少类内的光谱变化,并扩大类别间的光谱差异。为此,提出一种滚动引导递归滤波的高光谱图像光谱—空间分类方法。首先,利用主成分分析对高光谱图像进行降维;然后,利用高斯滤波对输入图像进行模糊化,消除图像中的噪声和小尺度结构;接下来,将模糊化后的图像作为引导图像,对输入图像进行边缘保持递归滤波,输出结果作为新的引导图像,重复迭代这个过程直至大尺度边缘被恢复;最后,利用提取的特征波段和支持向量机对高光谱图像进行分类。在两个真实高光谱数据集上进行了分类实验,结果表明本文方法的分类精度优于其他的高光谱图像分类方法。在训练样本极少的情况下,本文方法也能获得较高的分类精度。     

Sea state estimation using vessel response in dynamic positioning

This paper presents a novel method for estimating the sea state parameters based on the heave, roll and pitch response of a vessel conducting station keeping automatically by a dynamic positioning (DP) system, i.e., without forward speed. The proposed algorithm finds the wave spectrum estimate from the response measurements by iteratively solving a set of linear equations, and it is computationally efficient. The main vessel parameters are required as input. Apart from this the method is signal-based, with no assumptions on the wave spectrum shape. Performance of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated on full-scale experimental DP data of a vessel in three different sea states at head, bow quartering, beam, stern quartering and following sea waves, respectively.     

Data-moderate assessments of Cape monkfish Lophius vomerinus and west coast sole Austroglossus microlepis in Namibian waters

There is global interest in providing scientific advice on optimal harvesting of all commercially exploited fish stocks. Nevertheless, many commercially important stocks lack analytical assessments. Therefore, we evaluate a data-moderate stock assessment method: the stochastic surplus production model in continuous time (SPiCT). The method was applied to two Namibian stocks: (i) the data-rich Cape monkfish Lophius vomerinus, where results are compared to a new data-rich assessment using a state–space assessment model (SAM); and (ii) the data-moderate west coast sole Austroglossus microlepis, which is an important bycatch species in the Cape monkfish fishery, but currently unassessed. The information available to the data-moderate assessment is total commercial catch, commercial catch per unit effort (CPUE), and survey CPUE. SPiCT and SAM gave largely consistent estimates of relative fishing mortality (F/F_MSY) and relative exploitable biomass (B/B_MSY) for the Cape monkfish stock, although with some discrepancies. Differences in the biomass estimates between the two assessments suggest that further investigation is required to understand the cause, and that some caution is necessary when considering the biomass of the stock. SPiCT shows that the west coast sole may be overexploited, although the confidence bounds were too wide for a firm conclusion. Similarity in the estimates of F/F_MSY for Cape monkfish in recent years, using SPiCT relative to SAM, likewise indicates the suitability of SPiCT for managing west coast sole.     

云南者桑金矿床富金矿石类型与地球化学特征研究

云南富宁者桑金矿床位于我国滇黔桂"金三角"区域,是该区的大型卡林型金矿床之一。为了更为详细地了解卡林型金矿在富金矿石中的赋存状态以及地球化学特征,该文以者桑金矿床中几种不同类型赋金矿石:辉绿岩型矿石、泥质板岩或粉砂岩型矿石、泥灰岩型矿石的载金黄铁矿及毒砂为研究对象,进行矿物特征观察和地球化学特征分析。结果表明:辉绿岩型矿石中,破碎状毒砂、细粒自形毒砂、拉长菱形毒砂的尖端含金性较优;泥质板岩或粉砂岩型矿石中,脉状黄铁矿集合体、粗粒自形五角十二面体含金性较优;泥灰岩型矿石普遍含金,其中细粒菱形毒砂的含金性尤为显著。不同矿石类型中载金矿物的含金性与硅化、炭化、绢云母化等密切相关;黄铁矿w(Fe)、w(S)关系,黄铁矿、毒砂晶形特征以及微量元素Co/Ni关系,揭示者桑金矿床属中—低温热液成因;Au-As关系表明者桑金矿床金主要是以"不可见"形式的晶格金和纳米金赋存于赋金矿石中。     

高压密闭消解技术在土壤有效态样品前处理中的应用

土壤样品经有机酸浸提后,浸提出的溶液中存在大量有机酸及有机质,如未进行破坏处理,进入电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)进样系统后容易堵塞雾化器、中心管、矩管等,或有颗粒黏附于中心管壁和矩管壁上,造成测定结果精密度和准确度差、空白高等问题,进而影响土壤有效态的综合评价。本文将土壤样品用有机酸(DTPA、草酸-草酸铵、柠檬酸等)浸提后,过滤或离心,吸取上清液加入高压密闭消解罐中,经电热板上处理,再加2mL浓硝酸,于180℃烘箱中保温至少3h,采用ICP-OES测定有效态元素铜锌铁锰镉铅镍铬钼硅的含量。本方法采用高压密闭消解技术处理土壤样品,各元素测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.5%～5.9%,相对误差为-2.1%～5.2%,回收率为90.1%～103.2%,方法检出限为0.32μg/kg～0.038mg/kg;而采用以往高温炉中灼烧法、硝酸-高氯酸(硫酸)敞开消解法等技术手段,回收率为89.2%～100.5%,方法检出限为0.50μg/kg～0.050mg/kg,两者相比,本方法的测定结果稳定、空白低,分析周期短,适合批量样品的连续分析。     

元素活动态提取条件和分析方法的应用研究

元素活动态分析作为深穿透地球化学的新方法,得到了广泛的应用。实验对水提取态、黏土吸附态、有机结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态四种元素活动态的提取条件进行了系统研究,分别考察了提取时间、液固比、离心转速、提取液放置时间对提取效果的影响,确定了元素活动态的最佳提取条件:提取时间为24h,液固比为10:1,离心转速4000rpm;提取液采用新型的高分辨率等离子体质谱法(HR-ICP-MS)测定,该仪器具有强大的动态线性范围(10-12~1012)和高灵敏度,使可同时测定的元素拓展至50余种,可以大大提高工作效率。对HR-ICPMS的主要工作条件:辅助气流量、样品气流量和采样深度等利用响应面法进行了优化。本法将传统的过滤法改为离心法,避免了滤纸或穿滤引入的误差;将新型的高分辨率等离子体质谱法(HR-ICP-MS)应用到提取液的测定,提升了多元素同时分析能力,大大提高工作效率,同时也降低了该方法的检出限,改善了测定结果的精密度。依据实验结果,建立了HR-ICP-MS对四种元素活动态的分析方法,分别得到了四种活动态中各元素的方法检出限和方法精密度,水提取态、黏土吸附态、有机结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态中各元素的精密度范围依次为3.4%~38.1%、3.78%~35.7%、2.41%~35.9%、2.26%~32.5%;通过顺序提取,将四个相态中提取到的元素量和残渣中残留进行加和,得到50个元素的加和结果,验证了该方法的准确度(RE)为-29%^-1.3%,满足当前元素活动态的分析测试需求。     

Fundamental yet simplified model for liquefaction instability

A fundamental procedure is proposed for the identification of liquefaction in saturated soils based on the instability in the material's microstructure. The disturbed state concept (DSC) provides a unified constitutive model for the characterization of entire stress–strain behaviour under cyclic loading, and the values of disturbance at threshold states in the deforming microstructure provides the basis for the identification of liquefaction. The procedure is verified with respect to laboratory behaviour of two sands, saturated Ottawa and Reid Bedford. A mathematical analysis of the DSC constitutive matrix is also performed. Procedures for the application of the DSC for simplified analysis and design, and in finite element procedures are presented. It is believed that the proposed model can provide a fundamental yet simplified procedure for liquefaction analysis, and as a result, it is considered to be an improvement over the available empirical and energy-based procedures. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cyclic liquefaction screening of sand with non-plastic fines:Critical state approach

There have been significant advances in the application of critical state,CS,in liquefaction potential assessment.This was done by comparing state parameter,j with estimated characteristic cyclic stress ratio,CSR due to an earthquake.A cyclic resistance ratio,CRR curve,which can be determined from cyclic liquefaction tests,separates historical liquefied and non-liquefied data points(j,CSR).On the other hand,the concepts of equivalent granular state parameter,j*,which was developed for sands with fines,can be used in lieu j to provide a unifying framework for characterizing the undrained response of sands with non/low plasticity fines,irrespective of fines content(fc).The present work combines these two propositions,and by merely substituting j*for j into the aforementioned CS approach to capture the influence of fc.A series of static and cyclic triaxial tests were conducted,separately and independently of the concept of j*,for sand with up to fc of 30%.The clean sand was collected from Sabarmati river belt at Ahmedabad city in India which was severely affected during the Bhuj earthquake,2001.The experimental data gave a single relation for CRR and j*which was then used to assess liquefaction potential for a SPT based case study,where fc varies along the depth.The prediction matched with the field observation.     

GPS/BDS组合实时动态精密单点定位

针对常规模式下。单系统实时精密单点定位精度受接收机环境和可视卫星数量影响严重等问题,研究了GPS/BDS双系统实时精密单点定位,采用非差无电离层组合载波和伪距观测值,详细推论了Kalman滤波参数估计方法的基本原理,并利用其进行参数估计,最后通过IGS站和实测数据进行了实时PPP实验,实验表明:GPS/BDS双系统定位模式较GPS单系统有明显改善,在E、N、U方向收敛后RMS值分别达到0.125 m、0.117 m、0.289 m,较单系统在各方向分别改善了11.9%、18.1%、22.5%。证明了GPS/BDS实时PPP能够达到分米级到厘米级定位精度。     

单体建筑物点云数据的CSF净化处理

从场景整体点云数据中提取单体建筑物的点云是建筑物单体三维建模的基础。然而,现有点云提取方法在提取建筑物点云数据时往往包含部分植被、地面等非建筑数据点,不利于建筑物对象建模。针对该问题,本文提出使用CSF方法对初步提取的建筑物点云数据进行净化处理。该方法首先将场景点云数据投影生成点云图像,根据图像特征初步提取单体建筑物点云数据;然后对获得的单体建筑物点云数据采用CSF方法进行净化处理,可以获得较为纯净的单体建筑物点云数据。本文以南京师范大学仙林校区部分区域为研究对象对该方法进行了验证。结果表明,该方法可以较好地对建筑物点云数据进行净化,得到较为纯净的单体建筑物点云数据,为基于点云数据的建筑物单体模型构建打下了良好的基础。