生物农药的开发利用综述

化学农药的使用带来了致使人畜直接中毒、环境污染等许多问题。由于长期使用某些化学农药,使害虫产生了抗药性。针对化学农药的种种弊端,国内外已研制出一系列选择性强、效率高、成本低、不污染环境、对人畜无害的生物衣药。广义的生物农药包括微生物农药(细菌、真菌、病毒)以及生物工程植物两大类。当前生物农药的开发和使用仍处于起步阶段,但其发展前景十分美好。     

黄土地层中真菌孢子的发现及古环境意义

通过对我国各地１３０余块表层土壤样品的分析，发现了多种类型的真菌孢子，其中有一类大孢子（大小１００－３５０μｍ，外壁厚５－１０μｍ以上）与在黄土地层及红粘土层中发现的带尾的微球粒形态是一致的，进一步研究认为这种微球粒实际上是一类分布在我国北方干旱、半干旱草原区的真菌大孢子。这一发现对于恢复黄土地层及红粘土层沉积环境的演化有一定意义。     

南海海洋真菌Fusarium sp.(#2489)的代谢产物

首次对南海海洋真菌Fusarium sp.(#2489)的代谢产物进行研究，从菌体和培养液中共分离纯化得10个化合物，它们的结构通过IR，MS，NMR谱以及元素分析推导确定，其中（3′E，4E)-1-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-3-羟基-2-（2′-羟基十八碳酰基）氨基-10-甲基-3′，4，9-十八碳三烯（A）是鞘胺醇甙，为首次从海洋真菌中分离得到。     

Chasing Chinese Caterpillar Fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) Harvesters in the Himalayas: Harvesting Practice and Its Conservation Implications in Western Nepal

The Chinese caterpillar fungus is famous for its high market value, unusual life history, and significant medicinal uses. It is harvested by very poor communities and sold for an extraordinarily high price. Most of the studies on this species are focused on therapeutic uses, chemical analyses, ecology, and trade. However, harvesting techniques and intensity of the harvests remain undocumented. We document harvesting techniques, trends of harvest, and perceptions of the Chinese caterpillar fungus harvesters in Dolpa, Nepal, based on surveys, focus-group discussions, and direct observations. Along with increasing market value, intensity of the harvest has been increasing. The Chinese caterpillar fungus harvest has now become the second most important livelihood strategy for the local communities, after agriculture. Reported per-capita harvest based on the first day of collection has declined over the last 4 years, apparently because of the decline in the stock and the increasing number of harvesters.     

An assessment of Yarsagumba (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) collection in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve,Nepal

Yarsagumba （Ophiocordyceps sinensis）, an endemic species to the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau, is one of the most valuable medicinal mushrooms in the world. In Nepal, it is distributed largely in isolated patches of alpine grasslands of 3,000-5,000 m elevation. Although it is reported from 27 northernmost districts of Nepal, the local distribution pattern of this species is largely unknown. Furthermore, the collection system and local management regime of this species are not well documented. We conducted a field survey at Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve （DHR） among the different stakeholders in January-June 2012 to assess collection sites, patterns and trends and to understand the management regime. We estimated that about 75 kg of Yarsagumba is collected every year from DHR and the amount has been declining since 2008. To manage the resource, locals have initiated regulating the collection by issuing permits, taxing to the collectors, and monitoring the activities of harvesters with the help of park authorities. The revenue generated at local level from the permits has been used for community developmental activities.     

海洋红树林植物卤蕨内生真菌Cladosporium perangustum MA-318中一个新的链烯酸酐衍生物methylate cordyanhydride A

从采自海南东寨港的红树林卤蕨(Acrostichum aureum Linn.)中分离得到的一株内生真菌Cladosporium perangustum MA-318,对其次级代谢产物进行了研究。利用反相硅胶柱层析、正相硅胶柱层析以及葡聚糖凝胶Sephadex LH-20柱层析等分离手段获得一个单体化合物。通过波谱数据分析(HRESIMS、1D NMR、2D NMR)鉴定该化合物为新的链烯酸酐,其结构为methyl(E)-3-(4-(2-((4-(but-1-en-1-yl)-2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl)methyl)butyl)-2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl)propanoate,命名为methylate cordyanhydride A。抗菌实验表明该化合物对藤黄微球菌(Micrococcus luteus)表现出一定的抑制作用。     

Algicidal activities of secondary metabolites of marine macroalgal-derived endophytic fungi

Red tide occurrs frequently and causes signi?cant damage to the environment and human health. As a result, development of new effcient and environment friendly red-tide microalgae inhibitors has gained increasing attention in recent times. Algicolous endophytic fungi with unique habitats are promising sources for active agents owing to their abundant secondary metabolites and distinguished activities. In this study, the algicidal activities of 49 marine macroalgal-derived endophytic fungi against phytoplankton Alexandrium tamarense, Prorocentrum donghaiense, Heterosigma akashiwo, and Chattonella marina were examined using 96-well microplate. Four fungal strains, including Aspergillus wentii(pt-1), A. ustus(cf-42),and A. versicolor(dl-29, pt-20), exhibited potent algicidal activities. A total of 32 pure compounds isolated from these fungi were noted to possess dif ferent degrees of algicidal activities. Of those, 11 compounds comprising ?ve anthraquinones, two terpenoids, and four steroids showed high 24-h inhibition rates for the four red tide algae, with 24 h EC₅₀ values ranging from 0.01 to 14.29 μg/mL. Among them, compound1(1,5-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-7-methylanthraquinone) presented the strongest activity against H. akashiwo,and could decrease its chlorophyll a(Chl a) and superoxide dismutase contents and increase the soluble protein, malondialdehyde, and peroxidase contents. These results suggested that the identi?ed anti-algal compound might inhibit the growth of red tide algae by weakening photosynthesis(reducing Chl a content),destroying cell membrane, and damaging the antioxidant system.     

鸭毛藻内生真菌Hypocreales sp.的化学成分研究

从采自大连近海的红藻鸭毛藻（Symphyocladia latiuscula）中分离到一株肉座菌目真菌（Hypocreales sp．）,对其发酵代谢产物的化学成分进行了研究。利用正相硅胶柱层析、葡聚糖凝胶Sephadex LH-20柱层析、制备薄层层析（PTLC）以及重结晶等分离手段,并通过一维、二维核磁共振技术、质谱技术等从该菌发酵液中分离鉴定了10个化舍物：双酚A（1）;邻羟基苯甲酸（2）;吲哚甲酸（3）;吲哚乙酸（4）;N-乙酰色胺（5）;（22E,24R）-麦角甾-7,9,22三烯-3β-醇（6）;过氧化麦角甾醇（7）;（22E,24R）-5α,6α-环氧麦角甾-8,22-二烯-3β,7α-二醇（8）;（22E,24R）-麦角甾-7,22-二烯-6β-甲氧基-3β,5α-二醇（9）;啤酒甾醇（10）。这些化合物均为首次从该菌中分离得到,其中化合物1为首次作为天然产物分离得到。     

海绵微生物的分离培养及一种活性代谢产物的初步研究

研究海绵来源真菌Aspergillus repens发酵产物中的活性代谢产物.分离培养微生物进行活性筛选,采用活性追踪的方法、利用色谱手段分离获得单体化合物,根据波谱分析及其理化性质确定其结构,利用SRB评价单体化合物的抗肿瘤活性,利用纸片法测定单体化合物的抗植物病菌活性.获得1个萘并吡喃酮化合物,其结构鉴定为3,4-二氢-9,10-二羟基-7-甲氧基-3-甲基-1H-萘并[2,3c]吡喃-1-酮 (Semivioxanthin).该化合物对肿瘤细胞A-549、HL-60和BEL-7402有一定抑制作用,对植物致病菌作用较强.海绵微生物代谢产物是发现活性物质重要资源,值得深入研究.