Evaluating hydrologic performance of bioretention cells in shallow groundwater

Bioretention cells, which are generally effective in controlling surface runoff and recharging groundwater, have been widely adopted as low impact development practices. However, shallow groundwater has limited their implementation in some locations due to the potential problems of a reduction in surface runoff control, groundwater pollution, and continuous groundwater drainage through the underdrain. Many guidelines have established minimum requirements for the groundwater depth below bioretention cells, but they may not be optimized for certain environmental conditions and bioretention cell designs. This study made use of a variably saturated flow model to examine the hydrologic performance of a single bioretention cell in shallow groundwater with event‐based simulations, considering a wide range of initial groundwater depths, media and in situ soil types, surface runoff loads, and underdrain sizes. Performance indicators (e.g., runoff reduction, time for infiltrated water to reach the bioretention cell bottom and the groundwater table, and height and dissipation time of groundwater mound) were evaluated to examine the processes of runoff generation, the formation and dissipation of groundwater mounds, and the bioretention cell's performance in a shallow groundwater environment. The most influential factors were the initial groundwater depth, the hydraulic conductivity of the media soil, and the rainfall runoff load. With a deeper initial groundwater table, infiltrated water took longer to reach the bioretention cell bottom and groundwater table. Groundwater mounds, however, took longer to dissipate even though they were smaller. The groundwater quality can be better protected if relatively less‐permeable soil types (e.g., sandy loam) are used as the media, although it may compromise the performance in runoff quantity control. However, only very high surface runoff loads would cause concerns regarding a reduction in runoff quantity control and possible groundwater contamination due to the shallow groundwater. A distance of 1.5–3 m between the bioretention cell bottom and the groundwater table is generally sufficient. The results of this study could help to guide the planning and design of bioretention cells in areas of shallow groundwater.     

陕南镇巴筇竹寺期的海绵骨针化石

在陕南镇巴下寒武统西蒿坪段和水井沱组下段的碳酸盐地层中含有大量保存完好、类型多样的海绵骨针化石。基于形态描述法,对海绵骨针化石进行了详细的形态描述及产地与层位判断。结果表明:根据与其共生的小壳化石和三叶虫等生物地层学资料,发现这些海绵骨针化石属于筇竹寺期;该区海绵骨针类型不仅包含有形态规则的二轴四射骨针、三轴六射骨针、三轴五射骨针,而且还有形态不规则的四轴四射骨针、五轴五射骨针、尖头星状骨针、二歧分叉式骨针等;其中的四轴四射骨针、五轴五射骨针、五刺尖头星状骨针、二歧分叉二射式骨针为本次发现的新类型,极大地丰富了海绵骨针的类型。陕南镇巴筇竹寺期海绵骨针化石的数量以及分异度快速增加,充分说明海绵动物在陕南地区寒武纪早期开始大量繁盛并且迅速演化。     

Identification of D3 and Hα spicules

Basing on the analysis of observational material obtained with the 53-cm coronagraph in Abastumani, the author concludes that chromospheric spicules in hydrogen and helium lines are one and the same formation. Besides, it should be noted that, as a result of radial velocity measurements, it was found that hydrogen and helium D3 lines are emitted from different areas of the same spicule.     

Spongivory by Parrotfish in Florida Mangrove and Reef Habitats

Abstract. Although parrotfish are generally reported to be herbivorous, increasing evidence suggests that some Caribbean species feed on sponges. After observing grazing scars on the barrel sponge, Xestospongia muta , 40 sponges were videotaped on three reefs for >0.5 h to determine the frequency of parrotfish bites on this species. A total of 10 h of video recording captured 45 bites on normally coloured X. muta and 527 bites on four bleached X. muta by the parrotfish Sparisoma aurofrenarum, Scarus croicensis and Scarus taeniopterus. The viscera gut and liver of 55 parrotfish collected from mangrove and reef habitats were digested in nitric acid and analysed for spicule content. The parrotfish collected in the mangroves mostly Scarus guacamaia and Sparisoma chrysopterum had significantly higher masses of spicules in their viscera than did parrotfish collected on the reef Sparisoma aurofrenatum, Sparisoma viride, Sparisoma chrysopterum, Scarus vetula, Scarus coelestinus and Scarus taeniopterus . The spicules of Geodia gibhrrosa, a chemically undefended sponge that is common in the mangroves but rare in exposed locations on the reef, were abundant in the viscera of parrotfish collected in the mangroves. These results provide further evidence that fish predation has an important effect on the distribution and abundance of Caribbean sponges.     

基于水循环视角的海绵城市系统及研究要点解析

海绵城市建设的本质是城市水系统的重构,明晰海绵城市系统所涉及的水循环过程是海绵城市研究中最根本、最重要的问题。以海绵城市建设区为研究对象,本文定义了海绵城市系统的内涵,明确海绵城市系统的输入项与输出项,探讨了基于海绵城市系统的城市水循环过程,即海绵城市建设区“大气水—地表水—土壤水—管网水—地下水”转化过程。分别从明确海绵城市建设区的降水与污染物输入、掌握典型海绵设施的径流及污染物转化过程、重视排水管网径流监测与汇流特征参数确定、准确分析海绵城市建设区的径流及污染物外排过程、综合评估海绵城市建设的生态与地下水回补效益共5个方面,系统梳理了海绵城市系统的研究现状及未来的研究要点,以期为海绵城市建设的基础理论研究与工程实践提供启发和帮助,促进中国城镇化转型发展。     

一种中国南海海绵Xestospongia testudinaria中化学成分的研究

综合运用正相和反相硅胶柱层析、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱层析以及制备HPLC等分离方法,从1种中国南海海绵Xestospongia testudinaria中追踪分离抗肿瘤活性次级代谢产物。从95%乙醇提取物中分离获得8个单体化合物,通过NMR,MS等波谱技术鉴定其结构分别为:E-18,18-二溴-9,17-二烯-5,7-二炔硬脂酸甲酯(1),E-18,18-二溴-9,17-二烯-5,7-二炔硬脂酸乙酯(2),麦角甾-5,7,22-三烯-3-醇(3),麦角甾-4,6,8(14),22-四烯-3-酮(4),胆甾-4-烯-3-酮(5),3-吲哚醛(6),3-吲哚酸(7)和5-吲哚醛(8)。其中,化合物2-5和8为首次从该属海绵中分离得到。化合物1对肿瘤细胞株HCT116和A549显示较强的抑制活性。     

地理国情普查成果在海绵城市中的应用初探

分析比较了地理国情普查成果中相关属性特征和海绵城市建设中相关控制指标,为海绵城市建设提供了新的数据来源,同时也为地理国情普查成果应用拓展了思路,为城市建设的生态文明和可持续发展提供了新想法。     

海绵城市建设有关问题讨论

海绵城市建设目前已成为众多行业和科技领域的讨论热点之一,也面临众多争议,海绵城市建设的内涵、目标、内容和效果等均存在不同认识。针对中国城镇化过程中面临的主要水问题,结合参与海绵城市试点建设评审、考察以及对国外海绵城市的调研情况,从城市水文过程的角度,系统解析了海绵城市的概念,就海绵城市建设的目标与指标、建设功能与发展方向、城市地下排蓄系统、建设管理体制等若干问题展开了讨论。核心观点认为,海绵城市是对中国城市水系统的综合治理,也是城市人居环境的重构,功能综合是海绵城市建设成功的前提,海绵城市的建设应以河湖水系为核心,需要流域和城市的整体规划设计,海绵城市建设应该基于多部门、跨行业的优势互补、合作交叉,按照整体规划、系统布局的方式协同推进。     

中国球状绿藻新纪录属-索囊藻属(Choricystis)

在西藏那曲的错鄂和湖北武汉的紫阳湖采集到两株淡水绿色海绵。形态观察显示,两株海绵呈现绿色是由于其内共生有球状绿藻。基于形态观察和分子系统发育分析确定为该球状绿藻为索囊藻属的寄生索囊藻(Choricystis parasitica(K.Brandt)Pr?scholdDarienko)。结果表明:(1)两株藻均为纺锤形或倒卵形,长1.2—2.8μm,宽0.8—1.5μm;具一个侧位片状色素体;(2)依据18S r DNA和rbc L cp DNA的进化分析显示这两株藻均位于胶球藻科(Coccomyxaceae),索囊藻属(Choricystis);(3)基于ITS2的二级结构分析显示这两株藻与寄生索囊藻具有相同的二级结构,表明这两株内共生的球状绿藻均为寄生索囊藻。寄生索囊藻为中国新纪录种,所在属索囊藻属为中国新纪录属。本研究以形态性状和分子性状描述了采自中国的寄生索囊藻标本,为今后研究提供依据和参考。     

年径流总量控制率优化研究

年径流总量控制率是海绵城市建设中的重要指标,在实际应用中受到业界高度关注。为了提高年径流总量控制率指标的针对性与规范性,有必要根据城市降水气候特征,并结合地形条件对该指标进行优化。为此,利用重庆市主城区4个国家气象站(北碚、渝北、巴南和沙坪坝站)1981-2018年日降水数据和225个区域自动气象站2013-2018年日降水资料,采用《海绵城市建设技术指南(试行)》(下称《指南》)推荐方法,分别计算4个国家气象站的年径流总量控制率及其对应的设计降雨量;根据主城区降水空间分布和各月变化特征,优化年径流总量控制率指标。结果表明:沙坪坝、北碚、渝北站采用19812018年资料计算的60%-85%年径流总量控制率对应的设计降雨量较《指南》中的偏大,而巴南站的则相反。重庆市主城区年降水量主要集中在4-10月,占全年总量的85.5%,采用每年410月日降水资料对年径流总量控制率对应的设计降雨量推算优化,推算结果较优化前的偏大,如在85%的年径流总量控制率条件,北碚、渝北、巴南、沙坪坝站优化后设计降雨量分别偏大3.2、3.2、2.9和2.8 mm。根据主城区降水空间分布特征,划定了年径流总量控制率指标在重庆主城区的适用范围。