基于水循环视角的海绵城市系统及研究要点解析

海绵城市建设的本质是城市水系统的重构,明晰海绵城市系统所涉及的水循环过程是海绵城市研究中最根本、最重要的问题。以海绵城市建设区为研究对象,本文定义了海绵城市系统的内涵,明确海绵城市系统的输入项与输出项,探讨了基于海绵城市系统的城市水循环过程,即海绵城市建设区“大气水—地表水—土壤水—管网水—地下水”转化过程。分别从明确海绵城市建设区的降水与污染物输入、掌握典型海绵设施的径流及污染物转化过程、重视排水管网径流监测与汇流特征参数确定、准确分析海绵城市建设区的径流及污染物外排过程、综合评估海绵城市建设的生态与地下水回补效益共5个方面,系统梳理了海绵城市系统的研究现状及未来的研究要点,以期为海绵城市建设的基础理论研究与工程实践提供启发和帮助,促进中国城镇化转型发展。     

南海厚指海绵化学成分的研究

对采自我国南海海域的厚指海绵Pachychalinasp .的化学成分进行了研究。从中分离出 1个新的化合物 (I)。经FT IR ,MS ,1 HNMR ,1 3CNMR ,DEPT等波谱方法鉴定为长链脂肪醇甘油醚 :3-二十七烷氧基 - 1 ,2 -丙二醇。并应用GC/MS技术对其甾醇成分进行了鉴定。     

Identification of D3 and Hα spicules

Basing on the analysis of observational material obtained with the 53-cm coronagraph in Abastumani, the author concludes that chromospheric spicules in hydrogen and helium lines are one and the same formation. Besides, it should be noted that, as a result of radial velocity measurements, it was found that hydrogen and helium D3 lines are emitted from different areas of the same spicule.     

Spongivory by Parrotfish in Florida Mangrove and Reef Habitats

Abstract. Although parrotfish are generally reported to be herbivorous, increasing evidence suggests that some Caribbean species feed on sponges. After observing grazing scars on the barrel sponge, Xestospongia muta , 40 sponges were videotaped on three reefs for >0.5 h to determine the frequency of parrotfish bites on this species. A total of 10 h of video recording captured 45 bites on normally coloured X. muta and 527 bites on four bleached X. muta by the parrotfish Sparisoma aurofrenarum, Scarus croicensis and Scarus taeniopterus. The viscera gut and liver of 55 parrotfish collected from mangrove and reef habitats were digested in nitric acid and analysed for spicule content. The parrotfish collected in the mangroves mostly Scarus guacamaia and Sparisoma chrysopterum had significantly higher masses of spicules in their viscera than did parrotfish collected on the reef Sparisoma aurofrenatum, Sparisoma viride, Sparisoma chrysopterum, Scarus vetula, Scarus coelestinus and Scarus taeniopterus . The spicules of Geodia gibhrrosa, a chemically undefended sponge that is common in the mangroves but rare in exposed locations on the reef, were abundant in the viscera of parrotfish collected in the mangroves. These results provide further evidence that fish predation has an important effect on the distribution and abundance of Caribbean sponges.     

莳萝曲网海中甾醇化合物的研究

应用色谱－质谱（GC－MS）方法分别鉴定了从广西海涠洲岛水域和海南省陵水县水域采集的莳萝曲网海绵Sigmadocia cymiformis的甾醇类化合物,涠洲岛水域的莳萝曲网海绵所含的旮醇类化合物主要是：胆甾－4，6－二烯3β－醇（1），27－降麦角甾5，22－二烯－3β－醇，（2），胆甾醇（3），（24S）－麦角甾5，22－二烯3β－醇（40，麦角甾5－烯C－3β－醇（5），麦角甾－2，22－二烯－3β－醇（6），豆甾醇（7），β－谷甾醇（8），麦角甾－4，24（28）－二烯－3－酮（9），柳珊瑚甾醇（10）；而陵水县水域的莳萝曲网海绵所含甾醇类化合物主要是：（3），（4），（5），（6），（8），胆甾－2，55－二烯－3β－醇（11），胆旨－3，5－二烯－7－酮（12），这是莳萝曲网海绵中甾醇类化合物组成的首次报道。     

Macrofauna associated to Mycale microsigmatosa (Porifera, Demospongiae) in Rio de Janeiro State, SE Brazil

The macrofauna (endo- and epi-biotic) associated to the sponge Mycale (Carmia) microsigmatosa Arndt, 1927 was studied at three sites in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil (Arraial do Cabo, Niterói, and Rio de Janeiro). A total of 2235 individuals (over 1 mm long) of 75 invertebrate species were found associated to 19 specimens of the sponge. The most abundant and diverse taxa were the crustaceans (83%, 31 spp.), polychetes (10%, 18 spp.), and molluscs (3.7%, 15 spp.). Cnidarians, platyhelminthes, ascidians, echinoderms, pycnogonids, bryozoans, and sponges were also represented. Amphipod crustaceans were the dominant group, comprising 61% of all individuals collected. Species richness and abundance of associated fauna were highly correlated with sponge volume, but diversity and evenness were not. The site of collection influenced the species composition of the fauna associated to M. microsigmatosa but did not change significantly its diversity, abundance, richness, and dominance patterns of higher taxa. Pregnant females and juvenile stages of 29% of the species associated, including crustaceans, molluscs, echinoderms, and pycnogonids were frequently found inside M. microsigmatosa. Although many of these organisms do occur and reproduce in other habitats outside the sponge as well, M. microsigmatosa is also important for their reproduction and survivorship, thus contributing for the maintenance of biodiversity in Southwestern Atlantic sublittoral rocky shores.     

海绵动物骨针研究简介

海绵动物骨针是海绵动物骨骼的主要组成，是由生物矿化产生的；在地学研究中它是一种可用作地层对比的古生物化石。近年科学家发现了海绵骨针的光纤特性，特别是指出了这些特性可能引导人类开发新的光纤制造方法，从而引发了对其微结构、特性、生长机制与调控的生物学、生矿物学和仿生学的研究热潮。文章简介了海绵动物骨针的早期研究、光纤特性的发现及国内外研究概况。     

Interpreting the hydrological history of a temporary pond from chemical and microscopic characterization of siliceous microfossils

The hydrological history of a temporary pond in South Carolina was inferred from a 5500-year record of siliceous microfossils, including diatoms, freshwater sponge spicules, chrysophyte cysts, plates of testate amoebae and plant phytoliths. Microfossil abundance was estimated by microscopic quantification of siliceous particles and by chemical extractions of silica. Diatom, sponge and mineral particle volumes were correlated with silica concentrations attributable to these fractions. Both techniques suggested a sequence of four distinct community types. Basal sediments (4630–5520 ¹⁴C YBP) containing phytoliths and sponge spicules indicative of a wetland community were covered by sediments dominated by the remains of planktonic protists (3750–4630 ¹⁴C YBP) suggesting a transition from a vegetated marsh to an open-water, permanently flooded pond. Microfossil assemblages above this zone indicate the return of a wetland community ca. 3750 YBP that persisted until recently, when pond water levels stabilized as a result of seepage from a reservoir constructed nearby in 1985. This study suggests that the suite of siliceous microfossils commonly found in pond sediments can be used to infer historical alternations between macrophyte and plankton-dominated states in shallow basins. Regional climate inferences from this record include a mid-Holocene hydrological maximum and the onset of the modern climate ca. 3500 YBP.     

基于响应面的可见光催化材料制备与优化

为使TiO₂能在可见光作用下发挥光催化作用,并易于从水中分离,将掺有稀土金属离子Er³⁺的上转换发光剂Er³⁺:YAlO₃与TiO₂采用溶胶-凝胶法结合,再将其负载于聚氨酯海绵(PS)载体表面,制备Er³⁺:YAlO₃/TiO₂-PS光催化剂。利用响应面(RSM)方法对光催化材料制备条件进行优化,根据中心组合设计方法设计出3因素5水平析因实验,以光催化剂对苯酚的降解率作为响应值,得到最佳的催化剂制备条件:在水热处理温度110~114 ℃、光催化剂中TiO₂质量浓度60~65 mg/L、海绵/溶胶负载比20 g/L时苯酚降解率最佳,与实测结果相符。     

川西北地区晚三叠世卡尼期洪水事件沉积的碳、氧同位素记录*

川西北地区绵竹和安县等地发育的下卡尼阶岩性以灰色鲕粒灰岩、海绵礁丘粘结及障积成因的凝块石灰岩为主,上卡尼阶岩性突变为灰黑色页岩、粉砂岩,这与西特提斯地区卡尼阶在岩性和颜色上有很大的相似性。本次研究用激光微区碳、氧同位素测试方法分析了川西北地区卡尼阶中有孔虫、双壳类及腕足类化石壳体和植物叶片化石的碳、氧同位素,结果显示上卡尼阶化石中氧同位素值较下卡尼阶略有变小,上卡尼阶泥质粉砂岩中化石的碳同位素较下卡尼阶灰岩明显变小,可能反映了淡水输入的影响。结合研究区卡尼阶的沉积学特征,笔者认为川西北地区同样受到卡尼期洪水事件的强烈影响,潮湿气候条件下的淡水输入是造成川西北地区海绵礁（丘）大量周期性死亡及最后消失的影响因素之一。