Deformation history and processes during accretion of seamounts in subduction zones: The example of the Durkan Complex (Makran,SE Iran)

The Durkan Complex is a tectonic element of the Makran Accretionary Prism (SE Iran) that includes fragments of Late Cretaceous seamounts. In this paper, the results of map- to micro-scale structural studies of the western Durkan Complex are presented with the aim to describe its structural and tectono-metamorphic evolution. The Durkan Complex consists of several tectonic units bordered by mainly NNW-striking thrusts. Three main deformation phases (D₁, D₂, and D₃) are distinguished and likely occurred from the Late Cretaceous to the Miocene–Pliocene. D₁ is characterized by sub-isoclinal to close and W-verging folds associated with an axial plane foliation and shear zone along the fold limbs. This phase records the accretion of fragments of the seamount within the Makran at blueschist facies metamorphic conditions (160–300 °C and 0.6 – 1.2 GPa). D₂ is characterized by open to close folds with sub-horizontal axial plane that likely developed during the exhumation of previously accreted seamount fragments. An upper Paleocene – Eocene siliciclastic succession unconformably sealed the D₁ and D₂ structures and is, in turn, deformed by W-verging thrust faults typical of D₃. The latter likely testifies for a Miocene – Pliocene tectonic reworking of the accreted seamount fragments with the activation of out of sequence thrusts. Our results shed light on the mechanism of accretion of seamount materials in the accretionary prisms, suggesting that seamount slope successions favour the localization and propagation of the basal décollement. This study further confirms that the physiography of the subducting plates plays a significant role in the tectonic evolution of the subduction complexes.     

全水深多波束测深系统Seabeam3012在西太平洋马里亚纳海山区地形测量中的应用

中国科学院海洋研究所在开展西太平洋马里亚纳海山区多学科综合科学考察的过程中,利用"科学"轮船载的全水深多波束测深系统Seabeam3012对多个海山进行了地形测量工作。针对作业过程中遇到的恶劣海况导致采集数据质量差、多波束系统易检测错误海底信息、测线布设难度大等问题,提出了基于船体姿态对数据质量影响分析的多波束测线方向优化、基于地形变化并参考浅地层剖面资料的作业参数优化和基于实时采集情况的多波束采集测线布设优化等一系列措施,有效地提高了海山区多波束数据采集质量,并提高了作业效率。获得的高品质地形数据,为多学科协同研究奠定了基础,为ROV等设备的现场作业提供了安全保障。     

大洋调查中海山地磁测量的静日变化校正方法

针对大洋调查中海山地磁测量时难以设立静日变化观测站的问题,提出了一种基于多项式拟合最小二乘算法的日变校正方法,即假设静日变化磁场可以用一个关于时间的高阶多项式来拟合,利用主测线和联络测线交点误差的最小二乘估计求得多项式的系数,从而得到静日变化曲线。从调查测得的磁场中减掉静日变化磁场即可得消除静日变化影响后的海山地磁异常。理论模型和实际资料处理都表明,这种方法不仅可以较好地消除静日变化的影响,而且用计算机实现也简单。为了提高静日变化校正结果,讨论了为提高静日变化校正效果,在大洋调查中测量海山地磁时应注意的几个问题。     

海洋地质数据挖掘系统研发及在海山年龄预测中的应用

利用数据挖掘技术分析海洋地质调查数据,以获取其中隐藏信息,对推进海洋地质数据的科学高效利用具有重要意义。在模块化设计原则下,利用Python语言开发海洋地质数据挖掘相关的核心功能,利用WinForm搭建人机交互界面,并通过参数交互的方式实现了界面和后台功能间的互动。基于综合地质地球物理资料,利用软件预测了太平洋海山年龄。预测结果精度高于利用传统克里金插值方法所得结果的精度。应用结果表明,所开发软件的数据预处理、指标分析、综合评价等功能具有很好的实用性。     

如何判定俯冲增生杂岩中的高度肢解的洋底高原-海山系统

巨型洋底高原或海山系统到达俯冲带发生俯冲以后会在俯冲过程中发生肢解,在增生杂岩带中形成面目全非的小型洋底高原-海山系统的断块或碎片,使得在增生杂岩带中识别古老洋底高原-海山系统变得十分困难。为此,本文提出了基于洋板块地层、岩石学和地球化学联合研究的新方法及其识别标志,重新审定增生杂岩中洋底高原或海山的成因。     

Automated multi-scale classification of the terrain units of the Jiaxie Guyots and their mineral resource characteristics

Given the advances in satellite altimetry and multibeam bathymetry, benthic terrain classification based on digital bathymetric models (DBMs) has been widely used for the mapping of benthic topographies. For instance, cobalt-rich crusts (CRCs) are important mineral resources found on seamounts and guyots in the western Pacific Ocean. Thick, plate-like CRCs are known to form on the summit and slopes of seamounts at the 1 000–3 000 m depth, while the relationship between seamount topography and spatial distribution of CRCs remains unclear. The benthic terrain classification of seamounts can solve this problem, thereby, facilitating the rapid exploration of seamount CRCs. Our study used an EM122 multibeam echosounder to retrieve high-resolution bathymetry data in the CRCs contract license area of China, i.e., the Jiaxie Guyots in 2015 and 2016. Based on the DBM construted by bathymetirc data, broad- and fine-scale bathymetric position indices were utilized for quantitative classification of the terrain units of the Jiaxie Guyots on multiple scales. The classification revealed four first-order terrain units (e.g., flat, crest, slope, and depression) and eleven second-order terrain units (e.g., local crests, depressions on crests, gentle slopes, crests on slopes, and local depressions, etc.). Furthermore, the classification of the terrain and geological analysis indicated that the Weijia Guyot has a large flat summit, with local crests at the southern summit, whereas most of the guyot flanks were covered by gentle slopes. “Radial” mountain ridges have developed on the eastern side, while large-scale gravitational landslides have developed on the western and southern flanks. Additionally, landslide masses can be observed at the bottom of these slopes. The coverage of local crests on the seamount is ~1 000 km2, and the local crests on the peak and flanks of the guyots may be the areas where thick and continuous plate-like CRCs are likely to occur.     

Ophiuroid fauna of cobalt-rich crust seamounts in the Northwest Pacific Ocean

Seamounts are vulnerable ecosystems in the deep sea and can be heavily impacted by human activities, such as bottom fishing and deep-sea mining. The species composition and distribution patterns of benthic fauna is key information for the designation of marine protected areas and environmental management plans. Three contracts for cobalt-rich crust exploration have been granted to China, Japan and Korea in the Northwest Pacific Ocean by the International Seabed Authority. However, our knowledge ...     

2014年冬季热带西太平洋雅浦Y3海山浮游植物叶绿素a浓度及粒级结构

2014年冬季对西太平洋雅浦区Y3海山及其邻近大洋海域不同粒径浮游植物叶绿素a浓度进行了现场观测,同时结合温度、盐度、营养盐数据,分析了Y3海山区总叶绿素a浓度分布情况,不同粒级浮游植物对总叶绿素a浓度的贡献率及其与环境因子的关系,并与热带西太平洋大洋区(DY断面)进行了比较。结果表明:Y3海山A、B断面与DY断面水体平均叶绿素a浓度相差不大,分别为0.057、0.054和0.051mg/m3,A、B和DY三个断面各水层(0、30、75、100、150和200m)叶绿素a浓度变化范围分别为0.009—0.205、0.005—0.236和0.007—0.229mg/m3。不同粒级浮游植物的叶绿素a占总叶绿素a的比例从大到小依次为微微型浮游植物、微型浮游植物和小型浮游植物,三者在各断面的比例分别为A断面:59.97%,25.39%,14.64%;B断面:50.87%,30.70%,18.43%;DY断面:55.87%,29.87%,14.26%。微微型浮游植物在整个调查区域为优势类群,在A、B和DY三个断面的平均浓度分别为0.025、0.026和0.029mg/m3。各站位均有次表层叶绿素a浓度最高值现象,其中Y3海山区西南部和东南部为叶绿素a浓度高值区。洋流、温度和营养盐均对叶绿素a浓度分布有一定的影响。本研究发现海山经典假说不适用于2014年冬季的Y3海山区。     

中太平洋富钴结壳Co元素地球化学特征

对在中太平洋研究区5座海山调查时获取的38个富钴结壳样品中主要金属元素的含量进行了化学分析,探讨了不同海山富钴结壳中Co元素含量的变化规律及结壳中元素间的相关关系,结果表明:(1)5座海山富钴结壳中的各主要金属元素含量相近,38个富钴结壳样品中Co元素的平均含量为0.67%,具有一定的开发前景。(2)不同海山富钴结壳中Co元素含量有一定变化,其变化与富钴结壳的类型、海水水深、地形地貌以及成矿作用等有密切的关系。Co元素在板状结壳中的含量为最高,在钴结核中的含量次之,而在砾状结壳中的含量为最低;富钴结壳中Co元素含量与海水水深呈负相关,浅水区富钴结壳中Co元素的含量明显高于深水区;海山地形地貌对Co元素的含量及富钴结壳的发育有一定影响,海山的椭圆状分支、支脉及边缘部分,Co元素的含量相对较高,富钴结壳发育得较好;Co元素富集成矿作用还主要受锰、铁水成成矿作用的控制。(3)富钴结壳中金属元素之间存在不同程度的相关性。Mn元素分别与Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Mg、Na、Ba、Ti等元素呈强烈的正相关,而分别与Al、Si、Ca、P、Fe、Sr等元素呈负相关;Co元素分别与Cu、Al、P、Ca等元素呈负相关;Ca元素与P元素呈强烈正相关。     

南海东部海盆海山磁性对比

根据 1 980年～ 1 987年在南海海盆进行地球物理调查获取的海山地形和地磁异常资料 ,运用虚源法 ,对南海东部海盆区域的 9座海山作了磁性计算及对比。结果表明 :(1 )每座海山非均匀磁性反演的磁异常形态比均匀磁性反演的磁异常形态更接近观测异常 ,海山为非均匀磁化。 (2 )每座海山的非均匀磁化计算的拟合度参数值 (GFR值 )大于均匀磁化计算的拟合度参数值 (GFR0 值 ) ,平均每座海山增加 3 .7。 (3 )海山形成后均向北运移 ,位于东部海盆北侧的5座海山沿纬向位移的平均距离为 9.2 1°,南侧 4座海山沿纬向位移的平均距离为 3 .6 7°;海山均呈逆时针旋转 ,但旋转的角度存在区域性差异 ;东部海盆的运移方式与东邻的吕宋岛、西菲律宾海盆和台湾岛相一致。 (4)海山的磁化强度呈明显的分区性 ,北侧 5座海山的磁化强度大于南侧 4座海山的磁化强度 ,推测东部海盆形成过程中整体向北运动